IC Engines

Units- 1 and 2
Lecture-2
Basic Components and
Working Principles
of IC Engines
Basic Components of Internal Combustion Engine
• Basic Engine Components: Nomenclature
Cylinder Bore: The nominal diameter of
cylinder (mm)
Piston Area (A): The area of a cylinder of
diameter equal to the cylinder bore (cm2)
Note: Where cylinder rod passes through the
combustion space as in a double acting
engine, this area must be reduced by the
area of cross-section of the piston rod.
Stroke L: The nominal distance through which
a working piston moves through two
successive reversal of its direction of motion
It is expressed in mm.
• Basic Engine Components : Nomenclature (contd.)
• Dead Centre:
The position of the working piston top surface at the
moment when the direction of the piston movement is
reversed, at either end of the stroke, is called the
dead centre.
Top Dead centre T.D.C.: It is the dead center when the
piston is at the farthest point from the crank shaft
(Vertical engine)
(Inner Dead Centre/ I.D.C.) for a horizontal engine
Bottom Dead Centre B.D.C.): It is the dead center when the
piston is at the farthest point from the crank shaft (Vertical engine)
• Basic Engine Components : Nomenclature (contd.)

BDC (referred to as ODC or Outer Dead Centre) for

Horizontal engine
Displacement or Swept Volume (Vs):
The nominal volume swept by the working piston
when traveling from one dead centre to the other
(cm3 or cc)
Vs = pi/4* d2 * L
Clearance Volume (Vc):
The nominal volume of the combustion chamber
above the piston when it is at the top dead centre.
(cm3 or cc)
• Basic Engine Components: Nomenclature (contd.)

Cylinder volume (V): It is the sum of the swept volume

plus the clearance volume
V = Vs + V c
Compression ratio (r ):
It is the ratio of cylinder volume (V) to the clearance
volume
r = V/ Vc = (Vc + Vs)/ Vc = 1 + Vs/ Vc
2. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF IC ENGINES

A. FOUR STROKE ENGINES

FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
(SI ENGINE)
FOUR STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
(CI ENGINE)
COMPARISON OF SI ENGINE AND CI ENGINE
B. TWO STROKE ENGINES
TWO STROKE SI ENGINES
TWO STROKE CI ENGINES
C. COMPARISON OF FOUR STROKE AND
TWO STROKE ENGINES
 1. IC ENGINES: CYCLE OF OPERATION
A. CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT ADDITION CYCLE ENGINE:
•OTTO CYCLE ENGINE - ALSO KNOWN AS
•SPARK IGNITION ENGINE/ SI ENGINE/ GASOLENE ENGINE
 1. IC ENGINES: CYCLE OF OPERATION (Contd.)
B. CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION CYCLE
ENGINE:
DIESEL CYCLE ENGINE – DIESEL ENGINE
ALSO KNOWN AS
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE / CI ENGINE
 a. Intake Stroke b. Compression Stroke
c. Expansion Stroke d. Exhaust Stroke

Working Principle of a Four-stroke S I Engine

Four Stroke SI Engine
The four strokes of the cycle are
• Intake,
• Compression,
• Power and
• Exhaust. 
Each corresponds to one full stroke of the piston,
therefore the complete cycle requires two revolutions of
the crankshaft to complete the process.

Intake. During the intake stroke, the piston

moves downward, drawing a fresh charge of
vaporized fuel/air mixture.  The illustrated
engine features a 'poppet' intake valve which
is drawn open by the vacuum produced by
the intake stroke.  Some early engines worked
this way, however most modern engines
incorporate an extra cam/lifter arrangement
as seen on the exhaust valve.  The exhaust
valve is held shut by a spring (not illustrated
here).
Compression. As the piston
rises the poppet valve is forced
shut by the increased cylinder
pressure.  Flywheel momentum
drives the piston upward,
compressing the fuel/air
mixture.

Power. At the top of the

compression stroke the
spark plug fires, igniting
the compressed fuel.  As
the fuel burns it
expands, driving the
piston downward.
Exhaust. At the
bottom of the power
stroke, the exhaust
valve is opened by
the cam/lifter
mechanism.  The
upward stroke of the
piston drives the
exhausted fuel out of
the cylinder.
Working of a Four Stroke
SI Engine
This animation also
illustrates a simple ignition
system using breaker
points, coil, condenser, and
battery.
 • Suction Or Intake Stroke (0  1)
• Compression Stroke ( 1  2)
+ Burning (2  3)
• Expansion Or Power Stroke (3  4)
• Exhaust Stroke (4 5) + (5  0)
Ideal p-V Diagram of a Four-Stroke S I Engine
FOUR STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
(CI ENGINE)

a. Intake Stroke b. Compression Stroke

c. Expansion Stroke d. Exhaust Stroke

Cycle of Operation of a C I Engine

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE CI ENGINE:

Suction Stroke Air Alone Inducted (0  1)

Compression Stroke  Air Compressed Into
Clearance Volume (1  2)
Iii. Expansion Stroke  Fuel Injection Maintaining Constant
Pressure During Combustion
+ Expansion
(2  3) + (3 4)
Iv. Exhaust Stroke  Exhaust Gases Pushed Out
(4  5) + (5 0)
 1. IC ENGINES: CYCLE OF OPERATION (Contd.)
Actual Indicator Diagrams of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke SI Engines
1. IC ENGINES: CYCLE OF OPERATION (Contd.)
Actual Indicator Diagrams of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke SI Engines

CYCLE TWO STROKE ENGINE FOUR STROKE ENGINE

0-1 Suction And Scavenging Suction
1-2 Compression Compression
2-3 Heat Addition Heat Addition
3-4 Expansion Expansion
4-0 Exhaust Exhaust
COMPARISON OF SI AND CI ENGINES
 COMPARISON OF SI AND CI ENGINES

Sl.No DESCRIPTION SI ENGINE CI ENGINE

1 Basic cycle Otto cycle (const. Vol Diesel cycle (const.

heat addition) Press. Heat addition)

2 Fuel Gasolene (petrol) Diesel oil

Highly volatile – Non-volatile
Self ignition temp. High Self ignition temp.
Comparatively low
3 Introduction of Gaseous mixture of fuel Fuel directly injected as
fuel +air introduced during droplets into
suction stroke Comb.Chamber at high
pressure at the end of
comp. Stroke
Sl.No DESCRIPTION SI ENGINE CI ENGINE

4 Introduction of Carburetor and Fuel pump and

fuel (contd.) Ignition system are Injector are necessary
required.
Modern engines have
gasoline injection
5 Load Control Throttle controls the Quantity of fuel is
air-fuel mixture regulated. Air quantity
introduced. is not regulated.
6 Ignition Requires an ignition Self ignition occurs
system with spark due to high
plug in the temperature of air
combustion chamber. because of
Primary voltage compression. Ignition
provided by battery system and spark plug
or a magneto are not required.
Sl. DESCRIPTION SI ENGINE CI ENGINE
no.
7 Compression 6 to 10. Upper limit is 16 to 20. Upper limit is
ratio fixed by anti-knock set by the weight
quality of the fuel. increase of the engine.
8 Speed Due to light weight Due to heavy weight
and homogeneous and due to
combustion, they are heterogeneous
high speed engines combustion, they are
low speed engines.
9 Thermal Because of the lower Because of higher
efficiency compression ratio, the compr. ratio, the max
max. value of thermal value of thermal
efficiency that can be efficiency that can be
obtained is lower. obtained is higher
10 Weight Lighter construction Heavier due to higher
due to lower peak peak pressures
pressures.
 TWO STROKE ENGINE

• Douglas Clarke Invented The Two Stroke

Engine In 1878
• Power Stroke In Each Revolution Of The Crank
Shaft
• The Suction And Exhaust Stroke Achieved By
Alternate Arrangement
• Theoretically, Power Output Of The Engine Can
Be Doubled For The Same Speed As Compared
To A Four Stroke Engine
• Cycle Is Completed In One Revolution Of The
Crank Shaft
 METHOD OF FILLING FRESH CHARGE AND
REMOVING BURNT GASES FROM THE ENGINE
• The piston acts in a four stroke engine during suction and
exhaust strokes respectively.
• In a two stroke engine, the filling is accomplished by the
charge compressed in the crank case or by a blower.
Simultaneously, the products of combustion are moved out
through the exhaust ports.
• No separate piston strokes are required.
• Two strokes are sufficient for the cycle.
• One  for compressing the fresh charge
• Two  for expansion or power stroke.
CRANK CASE SCAVENGED TWO STROKE ENGINE.
a. Compression/ Ignition b. Expansion and c. Exhaust and
(and Induction of fresh charge) (Compression) (Transference)

Working of a Two-stroke Gasoline Engine

Four Events of 2-S Engine
Intake.  The fuel/air mixture is
first drawn into the crankcase by
the vacuum created during the
upward stroke of the piston.  The
illustrated engine features a
poppet intake valve, however
many engines use a rotary value
incorporated into the crankshaft.

During the downward stroke

the poppet valve is forced
closed by the increased
crankcase pressure.  The fuel
mixture is then compressed in
the crankcase during the
remainder of the stroke.  
 Transfer/Exhaust. Toward the
end of the stroke, the piston
exposes the intake port, allowing
the compressed fuel/air mixture in
the crankcase to escape around the
piston into the main cylinder.  This
expels the exhaust gasses out the
exhaust port, usually located on the
opposite side of the cylinder. 
Unfortunately, some of the fresh
fuel mixture is usually expelled as
well.

Compression. The piston then rises,

driven by flywheel momentum, and
compresses the fuel mixture.  (At the
same time, another intake stroke is
happening beneath the piston).  
 Two Stroke Engine (contd.)

Power. At the top of the

stroke the spark plug
ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel expands,
driving the piston
downward, to complete the
cycle.
 Two Stroke Engine
(contd.)

The two stroke

engine employs
the crankcase as
well as the
cylinder to
achieve all the
elements of the
Otto cycle in only
two strokes of
the piston.
Intake.  The
fuel/air mixture
IDEAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM OF A TWO STROKE SI ENGINE
 TWO STROKE ENGINE - CYCLE OF OPERATIONS

• Air charge simultaneously inducted into the crank

case through spring loaded inlet valve, as the pressure
in the crank case drops due to the upward motion of the
piston during the compression stroke.

• After the compression and ignition, the expansion

follows in the usual way. During the expansion stroke,
the charge in the crank case is compressed.

• Near the end of the expansion stroke, the piston

uncovers the exhaust ports and the cylinder pressure
drops to atmospheric pressure, as the combustion
products leave the cylinder.
TWO STROKE ENGINE - CYCLE OF OPERATIONS (contd.)
• Further movement of the piston uncovers the transfer
ports, thus permitting the slightly compressed charge in the
crank case to enter the engine cylinder.

• The top of the piston has usually a projection to deflect the

fresh charge towards the top of the cylinder before flowing
through the exhaust ports.

• This has the dual purpose of

A. Scavenging the upper part of the cylinder of the

combustion products and

B. Preventing the fresh charge from flowing directly

towards the exhaust ports.
TWO STROKE ENGINE - CYCLE OF OPERATIONS (contd.)

• Same objective can be achieved without piston

deflector through proper shaping of the transfer
port.

• During the upward motion of the piston from

BDC, the transfer ports close first and then the
exhaust ports close when the compression of the
charge begins and the cycle is repeated.
 COMPARISON OF 2 AND 4 STROKE ENGINES

Features Of Two Stroke Engine

•. Developed to get a greater power output for a
given engine size

• Eliminates valves (only ports; some have an exhaust

valve) hence mechanically simpler construction

• Cheaper to produce

• Easier maintenance

• Theoretically should develop twice the power –

 Features Of Two Stroke Engine (contd.)
• Actual power output is higher by only about 30% than a
comparable to four stroke engine - due to
• Reduced effective expansion stroke
• Increased heating because of increased number of
power strokes
• This limits the maximum operating speed
• It gives more uniform torque on crank shaft and
smaller fly wheel is sufficient.
• Less exhaust gas dilution
With these inherent disadvantages, Two stroke SI engines
are presently suitable for only smaller engines.
Features of Two Stroke Engine (contd.)
• INCOMING CHARGE CONSISTS OF FUEL AND AIR
• DURING SCAVENGING, BOTH INLET AND EXHAUST PORTS ARE
OPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY FOR SOME TIME.
• THERE IS A POSSIBILITY FOR SOME FRESH CHARGE
CONTAINING FUEL MAY ESCAPE WITH THE EXHAUST.
• THIS RESULTS IN
• A HIGHER FUEL CONSUMPTION AND
• A LOWER THERMAL EFFICIENCY
• AT PART THROTTLE OPERATION, THE AMOUNT OF FRESH
MIXTURE ENTERING IS NOT ENOUGH TO CLEAR ALL THE
EXHAUST GASES.
• A PART OF IT REMAINS IN THE CYLINDER TO CONTAMINATE
THE FRESH CHARGE  RESULTS IN IRREGULAR OPERATION
 Two Stroke Diesel Engine

• More Advantageous Than Two Stroke Si Engine!

• No Loss Of Fuel With Exhaust Gases As The Intake Charge
Is Only Air.
• Hence Many Of The High Output Diesel Engines Work On
This Cycle.
• A General Disadvantage Common To Both Two Stroke
Gasoline And Diesel Engines Is
• Greater Cooling And Lubricating Oil Requirements Due To
One Power Stroke Per Crank Shaft Rotation And Higher
Temperatures.
• – Results In Higher Consumption Of Lubricating Oil.
 Comparison Of Four And Two Stroke Cycle Engines

Sl.No. Four-stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine

1 Thermodynamic Cycle Is Thermodynamic Cycle Is

Completed In Four Strokes Completed In Two Strokes One
One Power Stroke In 2 Power Stroke In Each Crank Shaft
Crank Shaft Revolutions Revolution
2 Hence Turning Moment Is Hence Turning Moment Is More
Not So Uniform- Needs A Uniform- Needs A Lighter Fly
Larger Fly Wheel Wheel

3 Power Produced For The Power Produced For The Same

Same Size Engine Is Less, Size Engine Is Twice, Or For The
Or For Same Power, Engine Same Power, The Engine Is
Is Heavier And Bulkier. Lighter And More Compact.
COMPARISON OF FOUR AND TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINES (CONTD.)

Sl.No. Four-stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine

4 Lesser Cooling And Greater Cooling And Lubrication

Lubrication Requirements. Requirements. Higher Rate Of
Lower Rate Of Wear And Wear And Tear Because Of One
Tear Because Of One Power Stroke/ C.S Revolution
Power Stroke/ Two C.S
Revolutions
5 Require Valves And Valve Two Stroke Engines Have No
Actuating Mechanisms For Valves But Only Ports (Some
Opening And Closing Of Engines Have Exhaust Valve Or
The Intake And Exhaust Reed Valve).
Valves
6 Initial Cost Of The Engine Initial Cost Of The Engine Is
Is Higher Higher
Comparison Of Four And Two Stroke Cycle Engines (Contd.)

Sl.No. Four-stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine

7 Volumetric Efficiency Is Volumetric Efficiency Is Less Due

More Due To More Time For To Less Time For Induction Of
Induction Of Charge Charge
8 Thermal Efficiency Is Thermal Efficiency Is Lower.
Higher. Part-load Efficiency Part-load Efficiency Is Poor.
Is Better.

9 Used Where Efficiency Is Used Where Low Cost,

Important,viz., In Cars, Compactness And Light Weight
Buses, Trucks, Tractors, Are Important, Viz., In Mopeds,
Industrial Engines, Scooters, Motor Cycles, Hand
Aeroplanes, Power Sprayers Etc.
Generation Etc.
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Sl. No. Parameter Notation

i. Indicated Thermal Efficiency ηith
ii Brake Thermal Efficiency ηbth
iii Mechanical Efficiency ηm
iv Volumetric Efficiency ηv
v Relative Efficiency/ Efficiency Ratio ηrel
vi Mean Effective Pressure pm
vii Mean Piston Speed sp
viii Specific Power Output Ps
ix Specific Fuel Consumption sfc
x Inlet Valve Mach Index Z
xi Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio F/A or A/F
xii Calorific value of the Fuel CV (HCV/
Valve Timing Low Speed High Speed
I.V.O 100 Before. TDC 100 Before. TDC
I.V.C 100 After. TDC 600 After. BDC
E.V.O 250 Before. BDC 550 Before. BDC
E.V.C 50 After. TDC 200 After TDC
Port Timing Diagram of a Two Stroke Engine