EARTH SCIENCE

MS. CATHERINE U. BAYLAN, LPT, MIEE, MCE

FACULTY, SHS-STEM DEPARTMENT
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY- DASMARINAS
 EARTH SCIENCE
• STUDY OF EARTH AND ITS NEIGHBOR IN
SPACE.

• GEOLOGY - SCIENCE OF EARTH

• METEOROLOGY - SCIENCE OF ATMOSPHERE
• ASTRONOMY - SCIENCE OF UNIVERSE
• OCEANOGRAPHY - SCIENCE OF OCEANS
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
 BIG BANG THEORY
• ALEXANDER FRIEDMAN AND
GEORGES LAMAITRE, 1920

• 13.7 BYA - THERE WAS NOTHING.

• GREAT EXPLOSION OCCURED

• SPACE, TIME, MATTER, AND ENERGY

IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
• TINY COMPACT POINT - SINGULARITY
• FURTHER PROCESS BEGAN.
• 1. INFLATIONARY EPOCH (10-35S) - EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE.

• 2. FORMATION OF UNIVERSE (10-6S) - QUARKS, ELECTRONS,

PHOTONS, NEUTRINOS.

• 3. BASIC ELEMENTS FORMATION (3S) - PROTONS + NEUTRONS TO

FORM H+ NUCLEI. H+ NUCLEIC BEGAN TO COMBINE TO FORM HE
NUCLEIC.
• “NUCLEOSYNTHESIS”

• 4. RADIATION ERA (10,000 YRS.) - FORMED THE COSMIC MICROWAVE

BACKROUND RADIATION --> RADIATION LEFT OVER FROM EARLY
DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSE.
• 5. MATTER DOMINATION (300,000 YRS.) - LITHIUM BEGAN TO BE FORMED.
ELECTRONS JOINED WITH H AND HE NUCLEI TO MAKE SMALL NEUTRAL ATOMS.

• 6. STARS AND GALAXIES (300M YRS.) - AREAS OF GAS BECAME DENSER AND THEN
COLLAPSED RESULTING TO IGNITION.

• THIS HUGE CLOUDS OF GAS WILL GIVE BIRTH TO MORE

STARS AND GROUP OF STARS WILL FORM GALAXIES.
Galaxies move away Presence of Cosmic
from each other. Microwave Background
THREE PROBLEMS WITH THE BIG BANG
• FLATNESS - THE BIGBANG THEORY SAYS THAT THERE SHOULD BE CURVATURE AS
TIME GROWS BUT THE WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP)
REVEALED THAT THE GEOMETRY OF THE UNIVERSE IS NEARLY FLAT.

• HORIZON - BASED ON THE BIGBANG EXPANSION, DISTANT REGIONS OF SPACE IN

OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS OF THE SKY ARE SO FAR APART THAT THEY COULD NEVER
HAVE BEEN IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. BUT THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND RADIATION TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY SHOWS THAT THEY MUST
HAVE BEEN IN CONTACT IN THE PAST.

• MONOPOLE - THE BIGBANG THEORY PREDICTED THE PRODUCTION OF HEAVY

STABLE MAGNETIC MONOPOLES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE BUT AT PRESENT, THERE
WERE NO OBSERVABLE MAGNETIC MONOPOLES.
 Inflation Theory
• PROPOSED BY ALAN GUTH, ANDREI LINDE, PAUL STEINHART, AND
ANDY ALBRECHT WHICH OFFERED SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS
OF THE BIG BANG THEORY.

• PROPOSES THAT THERE WAS A PERIOD OF EXPONENTIAL

EXPANSION PRIOR TO THE “BIG BANG EXPANSION”. DURING THE
RAPID EXPANSION, THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE INCREASED BY A
FACTOR OF APPROX. 1026 IN ONLY A FRACTION OF A SECOND.
SOLUTION TO THE 3 BIG BANG
PROBLEMS
• FLATNESS - INFLATION STRETCHES ANY INITIAL
CURVATURE OF THE UNIVERSE THUS WE SEE THE
UNIVERSE AS A FLAT SYSTEM.

• HORIZON - EXPONENTIAL EXPANSION IN THE EARLY

UNIVERSE PRESUPPOSES THAT THE DISTANT REGIONS
WERE MUCH CLOSER TO EACH OTHER PRIOR TO
INFLATION.

• MONOPOLE - THE INFLATION THEORY ALLOWS THE

EXISTENCE OF MONOPOLES PROVIDED THEY WERE
PRODUCED PRIOR TO THE PERIOD OF INFLATION.
 STEADY STATE
•
THEORY
BONDI, GOLD, AND HOYLE, 1948

• IS A VIEW THAT THE UNIVERSE IS

ALWAYS EXPANDING BUT
MAINTAINING A CONSTANT
AVERAGE DENSITY.

• MATTER BEING CONTINUOUSLY

CREATED TO FORM NEW STARS
AND GALAXIES AT THE SAME
RATE THAT OLD ONES BECOME
UNOBSERVABLE AS A
CONSEQUENCE OF THEIR
INCREASING DISTANCE AND
 OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
THEORY
• OUR UNIVERSE CAN BE THE FIRST
OF A POSSIBLE SERIES OF
UNIVERSES OR IT CAN BE THE NTH
UNIVERSE IN THE SERIES.

• THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE THEORY IS

A MODEL OF COSMIC EVOLUTION
ACCORDING TO WHICH THE
UNIVERSE UNDERGOES ENDLESS
CYCLES OF EXPANSION AND
COOLING, EACH BEGINNING WITH
A “BIG BANG” AND ENDING IN A
“BIG CRUNCH”.
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• DESCARTE'S VORTEX THEORY - PROPOSED BY RENE
DESCARTES (1596-1650) WHICH STATES THAT THE SOLAR
SYSTEM WAS FORMED INTO BODIES WITH NEARLY
CIRCULAR ORBITS BECAUSE OF THE WHIRLPOOL-LIKE
MOTION IN THE PRE SOLAR MATERIALS.

• PRIMARY WHIRLPOOL MOTION --> ORBITS

• SECONDARY WHIRLPOOL MOTION --> SATELLITES
• BUFFON'S COLLISION THEORY
- PROPOSED BY GEORGE
LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE
BUFFON (1707-1788) WHICH
STATES THAT THE PLANETS
WERE FORMED BY THE
COLLISION OF THE SUN WITH
A GIANT COMET. RESULTING
DEBRIS FORMED INTO
PLANETS.
• KANT - LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY - BASED ON THE IDEAS OF
DESCARTES, IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) AND PIERRE SIMON
LAPLACE (1749-1827) WHICH SUGGESTED THAT A GREAT CLOUD OF
GAS AND DUST CALLED NEBULA BEGINS TO COLLAPSE BECAUSE
OF GRAVITATIONAL PULL.
-AS THE CLOUD CONTRACTS, IT SPUN MORE RAIDLY FORMING A
BULGE AT THE CENTER THAT WILL LATER BE THE SUN. AS THE
NEBULA COLLAPSES FURTHER, LOCAL REGIONS CONTRACT ON THEIR
OWN DUE TO GRAVITY AND THERE WILL FORM THE PLANETS.

• JEANS JEFFREY'S TIDAL THEORY - PROPOSED BY SIR JAMES

HOPWOOD JEANS AND HAROLD JEFFREYS WHICH STATES THAT
THE PLANETS WERE FORMED FROM THE SUBSTANCE THAT WERE
TORN OUT OF THE SUN WHEN A MASSIVE STAR PASSED NEAR THE
SUN. THE MATERIALS CONDENSED TO FORM THE PLANETS.
• SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY - THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS FORMED
AS A RESULT OF CONDENSATION OF HYDROGEN GAS AND DUST
CALLED AS INTERSTELLAR GAS AND DUST CLOUD.
-DUE TO THE EXPLOSION OF STAR CALLED AS
SUPERNOVA, THE CLOUD BEGAN TO COLLAPSE (DUE TO GRAVITY)
FORMING THE SUN AND THE PLANETS.

• PLANETISIMALS --> FORMED FROM FIRST STAGE OF

ACCRETION OF GRAIN SIZED PARTICLES FROM THE
NEBULA.

• PROTOPLANETS ---> MASSIVE OBJECTS THAT ARE FORMED

FROM THE COALESCING PLANETISIMALS.
 FOR YOUR INFORMATION
• ASTEROIDS - MADE UP OF ROCKS AND ARE SOMETIMES CALLED “MINOR PLANETS”
• CERES -> 1ST KNOWN ASTEROID.

• NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS -> ASTEROIDS PERTURBED OUT OF THE ASTEROID

BELT AND MY COME CLOSE TO EARTH.

• COMETS - COMPOSED MAINLY OF ICE (FROZEN WATER AND GAS)

• KUIPER BELT - OUTERMOST REGION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. REGION WHERE
HALLEY'S COMET CAME FROM.

• OORT CLOUD - FARTHER THAN KUIPER BELT.

 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS

• TERRESTRIAL PLANETS - “EARTH-LIKE” PLANETS OR SOMETIMES

REFERRED AS “INNER PLANETS”.

• COMPOSED MOSTLY OF DENSE, ROCKY, AND METALLIC MATERIALS.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS

• JOVIAN PLANETS - “JUPITER-LIKE” PLANETS OR “GAS

PLANETS”

• MADE UP MOSTLY OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM.

 PLUTO
• ORBITS THE SUN
• HAS SUFFICENT MASS FOR ITSSELF
GRAVITY
• IS NOT A SATELLITE

• HAS NOT CLEARED THE

NEIGHBORHOOD AROUND IT.

THUS, PLUTO IS CLASSIFIED AS A

DWARF PLANET JUST LIKE ERIS,
CERES, HAUMEA AND MAKEMAKE
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