FORMATTING AND BASEBAND

MODULATION
CHAPTER 2
 MODULATION
• Modulation is the use of one electrical signal to “Control” a
primary variable of another. For example, if an audio signal
voltage is used to control the “amplitude” of a carrier signal, the
result is amplitude modulation.

• It is important that you do not confuse “mixing” with

“modulation.” Mixing occurs when two (or more) signals are
simply combined in a linear network. Modulation, however,
requires one signal to “control” a variable of another variables
such as the amplitude of an RF signal amplitude modulation ,
the frequency modulation (FM)], the pulse width [pulse width
modulation (PWM)], the phase [phase modulation (PM)], or the
pulse code [pulse code modulation (PCM)].
“One Signal superimpose the characteristic of another signal”
 MODULATION
• In modulation, a message signal, which contains the information
is used to control the
parameters of a carrier signal, so as to impress the information onto
the carrier.

The Messages
The message or modulating signal may be either:
• analogue – denoted by m(t)
• digital – denoted by d(t) – i.e. sequences of 1's and 0's

The Carrier
• The carrier could be a 'sine wave' or a 'pulse train'.
 MODULATION
Considering an analogue message m(t):
• If the message signal m(t) controls amplitude – gives AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AM

• If the message signal m(t) controls frequency – gives FREQUENCY

MODULATION FM

• If the message signal m(t) controls phase- gives PHASE MODULATION PM or M

Considering now a digital message d(t):

• If the message d(t) controls amplitude – gives AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

ASK.

• If the message d(t) controls frequency – gives FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

FSK.

• If the message d(t) controls phase – gives PHASE SHIFT KEYING PSK.
 why modulation is required
Modulation allows us to send a signal over a
bandpass frequency range. If every signal gets
its own frequency range, then we can transmit
multiple signals simultaneously over a single
channel, all using different frequency ranges.
 BANDPASS FILTER
A bandpass filter is an electronic device or circuit that allows
signals between two specific frequencies to pass, but that
discriminates against signals at other frequencies. Some
bandpass filters require an external source of power and
employ active components such as transistors and integrated
circuits; these are known as active bandpass filters. Other
bandpass filters use no external source of power and consist
only of passive components such as capacitors and
inductors; these are called passive bandpass filters.
BANDPASS FILTER
 FORMATTING
The goal of the first essential signal processing step,
formatting, is to insure that the message (or source
signal) is compatible with digital processing.
Transmit formatting is a transformation from source
information to digital symbols. (It is the reverse
transformation in the receive chain.) When data
compression in addition to formatting is employed,
the process is termed source coding.
 FORMATTING TEXTUAL DATA (CHARACTER
CODING)
The original form of most communicated data
(except for computer-to-computer transmissions)
is either textual or analog. If the data consist of
alphanumeric text, they will be character encoded
with one of several standard formats; examples
include the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII), the Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC),
Baudot, and Hollerith. The textual material is
thereby transformed into a digital format.