Language

and
Education
Research
By: Rica Mae B. Legaspi
ED31
 The
Components
of Language
PHONOLOGY
•The word phonology comes from Ancient Greek , phōn, means
"voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek ,
lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion").

•Phonology deals with sound structure in individual

languages: the way distinctions in sound are used to
differentiate linguistic items, and the ways in which the
sound structure of the ‘same’ element varies as a function of
the other sounds in its context.
•In general, the basic unit of phonology is the
phoneme, which is an individual speech sound (such
as /p/) that can often be represented by a single
grapheme, or letter (such as the letter p).

Examples:

HELPS
CRABS
•One of the main components of phonology is the study and discovery of
phonological rules. Rules are the way phonologists predict how a speech sound
will change depending on its position in various speech environments.

•Helps
•Crabs
•Sits
•Looks
•Words
•Gloves
•Voiced sounds are those that make our
vocal chords vibrate when they are
produced.

•Voiceless sounds are produced from air

passing through the mouth at different
points.( No vibration)
MORPHOLOGY
•The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup
of morph- meaning ‘shape, form’, and -ology
which means ‘the study of something’.

•Morphology, in linguistics, study of the internal

construction of words. Languages vary widely
in the degree to which words can be analyzed
into word elements, or morphemes.Morphology
•Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and
one of the major components of grammar) that
studies word structures, especially regarding
morphemes, which are the smallest units of
language.

Two types of Morphemes

1. Free morpheme
2. Bound morpheme
TWO TYPES OF
MORPHEMES
1. Free morpheme: a simple word, consisting of one
morpheme. They are words in themselves and can stand
alone with a specific meaning.
Example: house, work, high, chair, wrap

2. Bound morpheme: morphemes that must be attached to

another morpheme to receive meaning.

Example: UNKINDNESS
UN- KIND- NESS
UN- and -NESS are the bound morphemes, requiring the root
KIND to form the word. They are attached to the word Kind to
receive meaning.

Prefix (front of the base)= Un-

Suffix (end of the base)= -ness

1.Inflectional Morphemes refer to a process of word formation in

which items are added to the base form of a word to express
grammatical meanings.
Example:
Dog - Dogs
Laugh- laughed
2. Derivational morphemes are the morphemes that change the part
of speech of the word. It is the process of forming a new word based
on an existing word.

Example:
Wonder- Wonderful
Happy- Happiness

The word after we add a derivational morpheme in it can be called a

derivate.
SYNTAX
•The term "syntax" comes from the Greek,
meaning "arrange together." The term is also used
to mean the study of the syntactic properties of a
language.

•In linguistics, "syntax" refers to the rules that

govern the ways in which words combine to form
phrases, clauses, and sentences.
• It explains how words and phrases are arranged to form
correct sentences. A sentence could make no sense and
still be correct from the syntax point of view as long as
words are in their appropriate spots and agree with each
other.

Example:
1. Jillian hit the ball.
2. Hit Jillian the ball.
One way to explore syntax is to know your
clauses. There are independent and dependent
clauses.

An independent clause is one that can stand

alone and form a complete sentence. A
dependent clause, however, cannot stand on its
own.
Simple sentences follow a subject-verb format.
Simple Syntax Examples:
• The boy jumped.

Compound sentences have more than one

subject or verb.
Compound Syntax Examples:
• The boy jumped and the girl sang.
Complex sentences contain a subordinating clause.
Complex Syntax Examples:

• The boy jumped even though he was nervous.

Compound-complex sentences contain two

independent clauses and more dependent clauses.
Compound-complex Syntax Examples:

• Even though he was nervous, the boy jumped and he

landed across the stream.
Thank you so
much!