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CARBOHYDRATES
Classification and Functions
Aldose and Ketose
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates
• Most abundant class of bioorganic
molecule
• Abundance in the human body is
relatively low
• member of a large class of naturally
occurring polyhydroxy aldehydes and
ketones.
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functions in human,
carbohydrates…
• oxidation provides energy
• storage, in the form of glycogen,
provides short term energy reserve
• supply carbon atoms for the synthesis
of other biochemical substances
• part of the structural framework of
DNA and RNA
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CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates
have in common many hydroxyl groups on
adjacent carbons together with either an aldehyde
or ketone group
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Monosaccharides
• known as simple sugar
• a carbohydrate with three to seven carbon
atoms
• can no longer be broken into simpler units
• pure monosaccharides are water soluble,
white, crystalline solid
• contains one aldehyde or ketone group
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Aldose and Ketose

Aldose Ketose
monosaccharide that contains monosaccharide that contains
an aldehyde carbonyl group. a ketone carbonyl group.
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family-name ending –ose indicates a carbohydrate

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Systematic Names
Number of
Prefix Suffix
Carbon
tri
aldo - tetr
OR pent - ose
keto - hex
hept
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Let’s try it…

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Seatwork
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Seatwork

Draw the structures of an

aldopentose and a
ketohexose.
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Disaccharides
• Contains two monosaccharide
units covalently bonded to each
other
• Example: sucrose (table sugar)
lactose (milk sugar)
maltose
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Polysaccharides
• Contains many monosaccharide
units covalently bonded to each
other
• Example: starch
cellulose
inulin
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HANDEDNESS OF
CARBOHYDRATES
D and L Families
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Chirality
mirror images that cannot be superimposed
on each other; one does not completely fit
on top of the other

meaning of mirror image meaning of superimposable

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Stereoisomers
• Isomers that have the same molecular and
structural but differ in the orientation of
atom
Enantiomers Diastereomers

Molecules are
Molecules are not
nonsuperimposable
mirror image of each
mirror images of each
other
other
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Enantiomers
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Chiral Center
• An atom in a molecule that has four
different groups tetrahedrally bonded
to it.
Chiral
molecule whose mirror
images are not
superimposable.
Achiral
molecule whose mirror
image are
superimposable.
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Identify chiral center in

molecule…..
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• is chiral because it is attached to CHO, H, OH, and

CH2OH groups
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• is chiral because it is attached to CHO, H, OH, and

CH2OH groups
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Fischer projections
• the chiral carbon is represented by
the intersection of two lines
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D and L Families of Sugars

D Sugar L Sugar
Monosaccharide with the Monosaccharide with the
-OH group on the chiral -OH group on the chiral
carbon atom farthest from carbon atom farthest from
the carbonyl group pointing the carbonyl group pointing
to the right to the left
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Let’s Practice
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Biochemically Important Monosaccharide

also known as dextrose or blood

D-Glucose sugar, used in hospitals as
intravenous source of nourishment
also known as brain sugar, it is a
D-Galactose component of glycoproteins found in
brain and nerve tissue
also known as levulose or fruit
D-Fructose sugar, sweetest tasting of all sugar,
also present in honey
D-Ribose component of ATP, RNA and DNA
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Disaccharide Structure
• two monosaccharides in a
disaccharide are connected by a
glycosidic bond
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Maltose
• often called malt sugar, is present in fermenting
grains and can be prepared by enzyme-catalyzed
degradation of starch.
• produced during starch digestion by a-amylase in
the small intestine
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Lactose
• or milk sugar, is the major carbohydrate in
mammalian milk
• human milk is about 7% lactose
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Sucrose
• plain table sugar is probably the
most common highly purified
organic chemical used in the
world.
• Sugar beets and sugarcane are
the most common sources of
sucrose
• Hydrolysis of sucrose yields one
molecule of D-glucose and one
molecule of D-fructose.
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Polysaccharide
• is a polymer that contains many
monosaccharide units bonded to each
other by glycosidic bond.
• also know as glycans.

Storage Polysaccharide Structural Polysaccharide

is a polysaccharide that is a is a polysaccharide that
storage form for serves as a structural
monosaccharide and is used element in plant cell walls
as energy source in cells and animal exoskeleton
Starch and Glycogen Cellulose and Chitin
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Starch
• is a polymer of glucose and the energy storage
polysaccharide in plants
• is present only in plant material; our major
sources are beans, the grains wheat and rice,
and potatoes
Amylose Amylopectin
which accounts for about 20% of which accounts for about 80% of
starch, is somewhat soluble starch, is similar to amylose but
in hot water and consists of hasmuch larger molecules
several hundred to a thousand a-
D-glucose
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Glycogen
• sometimes called animal starch, serves as
energy storage in animals
• largest amounts of glycogen are stored in
the liver and muscles
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Cellulose
• is the fibrous substance that provides structure in
plants
• huge cellulose molecule consists of several
thousand b-d-glucose units joined in a long,
straight chain
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Chitin
• is a polysaccharide that is similar to
cellulose in both function and
structure.
• it gives rigidity to the exoskeletons of,
crabs, lobster, shrimp, and insects.
• also occurs in the cells wall of fungi
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Connective Tissue and Polysaccharides

• Connective tissues such as blood vessels,

cartilage, and tendons are composed of protein
fibers embedded in a syrupy matrix that contains
unbranched polysaccharides
(mucopolysaccharides)
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Heparin

• is valuable medically as an anticoagulant

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Glycoproteins

• proteins that contain short carbohydrate

chains (oligosaccharide chains)

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