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GUIDED BY:- PRESENTED BY:-

MS. ANSHU TOSHNIWAL REENA SWAMI
IV YEAR EC

www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
• 15,000-20,000 landmine victims per year
• By comparison, average of 700 annual deaths
and 2,200 injuries due to terrorism over past
decade

• 70% of victims are civilians

• One-third die
• Others lose limbs and/or vision
 Solving the Problem:
Good News and Bad News
Good news: 100,000 mines cleared each year
Bad news:
• Clearing the 50 million existing mines will take 500
years and $14-50 billion
• Despite global ban, 1 million new mines are laid
annually
• Thus, problem is getting worse: 10 times more mines
are laid than cleared each year
Potential good news: Innovative mine detection
technologies could significantly accelerate
demining and decrease costs
• ANTI-PERSONNEL – DESIGNED TO KILL OR
MAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPS
• ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR
DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES
• CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE
SMOKE, CS OR MORE DANGEROUS
BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS
. . . But Mine Detection Technology
Has Not Improved

Mine Detection Tool Kit

• Metal detector
• Pointed stick
 Metal Detectors
Do Not Find All Mines

Percentage
of mines
found
1.Electromagnetic methods
2.Acoustic/seismic methods
3.Chemical vapor detection methods
4.Bulk explosives detection methods
Technology Electromagnetic
Principle Methods
Ground-penetrating Reflects radio waves off mine
radar (GPR)

Electrical impedance Determines electrical

tomography conductivity distribution
X-ray backscatter Images mine with x-rays

Infrared Assesses temperature, light

reflectance
The impulse GPR system

Visual processor
Impulse display
generator

Pulse
tx rx extender
A/D
convertor

landmine
Mine Response to Ground-Penetrating
Radar

Low-metal
mines

Metal mine
X-RAY BACKSCATTER
When X-rays pass through matter they will be
attenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. The
probability of scattering in the back direction.
This probability depends inversely on the
absorption power of the material to the incident
and to the backscattered x rays. Organic
materials typically absorb only a small fraction
of the x rays, so that the scatter probability is
high. Metals typically are strongly absorbing,
and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organic
materials are bright and metallic objects are
dark in the image
capabilities and advantages :
1. The information depth is sufficient to detect all regularly
placed mines.
2. XBT is able to detect metal-free landmines.

3 . landmines buried in a variety of soil conditions including

various types of vegetation will be detected with XBT.
Technology Principle
Acoustic Reflects sound waves off
mines
1.Acoustic-to-seismic wave-coupling approach to
detect buried land mines. Acoustic sound waves
penetrate the soil surface to generate seismic
waves within the soil.

• These seismic waves cause the mine to vibrate

and resonate, producing a displacement velocity
field at the ground surface above the mine. This
displacement can be measured by a laser
vibrometer or UHF radar
 5

4
Mine
Amplitude 3
(m/s  10-5)
2
Blank
1

120 170 220 270

Frequency (Hz)
 Biological detector

Well-Trained Dogs If honeybees can be trained to seek the

chemical components of explosives, the
Are Most Sensitive ability to track bees and analyze their
Vapor Sensors hives could help pinpoint landmines or
unexploded ammunition on firing ranges
or old battlefields
Technology Principle
Bulk Explosives Detection Methods
Nuclear quadrupole Radio frequency pulse causes
resonance (NQR) nuclei in explosives molecules
to resonate
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), a
derivative of NMR, is a bulk inspection
technology which can be used to detect certain
chemical elements which have a magnetic
dipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14
(14N) which is a major constituent of explosives
used in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. NQR
has been described as "an electromagnetic
resonance screening technique with the
specificity of chemical spectroscopy" as it not
only detects but can be used to identify the
exact chemical compound used.
 Detection process

Before stimulation

RF field is applied After excitation is removed

NQR Prototype
 There’s No Silver Bullet:
Technology
All Detectors Primary False-Alarm
Have False Sources
Alarms
GPR • Roots and rocks
• Water pockets

Acoustic • Hollow objects (soda cans)

Chemical vapor • Explosives residues

detectors • Natural vapors

Nuclear quadrupole • AM radio stations and other

resonance sources of radio waves
 RAND Study Conclusion:
Multi-Sensor System Is Needed
• Each innovative technology has false alarms and
false negatives
• Combining sensors would decrease false alarms
and false negatives
• Combined sensor system could employ recent
advances in signal processing capability
 Other Applications

Airport Security
The same technology used in nuclear LMD can also
be used to scan luggage in airports
This technology will allow faster and far
more accurate scanning of luggage
References
1. www.pdfoo.com
• www.college-seminars.com
• www.springerlink.com