POLIOMYELITIS

Yahya Hussein
 INTRODUCTION

 highly infectious viral disease that chiefly affects children and, in

its acute forms, causes inflammation of motor neurons of the spinal
cord and brain stem, leading to paralysis, muscular atrophy, and
often deformity. Through vaccination, the disease is preventable
medical : a serious disease that affects the nerves of the spine and
often makes a person permanently unable to move particular
muscles
 CH A IN O F T R A NS M I S SI O N

Agent

Reservoir

Portal of exit

Mode of transmation

Portal of entry

Host
 AGENT

The main causative agent of polio (poliovirus), is enterovirus

type C, in the family Picornaviridae

Caused by a poliovirus. 3 serotypes of poliovirus (genus

Enterovirus). • Type I most frequently associated with epidemics.

Types 2 and 3 usually associated with vaccine- associated paralytic

polio (VAPP).
 RESERVOIR
MAN
Identification
 Most people infected with the polio virus will not show any symptoms (about
70%).
 About 1 out of 4 people with poliovirus infection will have flu-like symptoms
 These symptoms usually last 2 to 5 days, then go away on their own.
A smaller proportion of people with poliovirus infection will develop other, more
serious symptoms that affect the brain and spinal cord
 PRESENTATION

 Sore throat

 Fever
 Tiredness
 Nausea
 Headache
 Stomach pain
 Brain damage
 spinal cord Injury
 LAB FINDING
Virus culture
The laboratory diagnosis of polio is confirmed by isolating the virus via culture, from feces or a
throat swab

serum test
Acute and convalescent serum sample may be tested for elevated antibody titers (poliovirus
antibodies).

Cerebrospinal fluid test

Poliovirus infection may cause an increase in the number of white blood cells and a slight
increase in the level of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid
 COMPLICATIONS
Paralysis
Meningitis
Impaired movement
Lung edema
Aspiration pneumonia
 Urinary tract infections
 Myocarditis
Osteoporosis
Polyneuropathy
Sore in the back
 TREATMENT
The goal of treatment is to control symptoms while the infection continues its course

As there is no specific treatment for this viral infection.

 People with severe cases may need life-saving procedures, especially assistance
with breathing.
 Symptoms are treated based on their severity.
Antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infections

Physical therapy or orthopedics to help restore muscle strength and function.

 ISOLATION

all cases, isolation should be done in hospital or at home, and

standard precautions used. Isolation should be continued until two
stool samples 7 days apart appear to be negative for poliovirus
 HEALTH EDUCATION

Educate parents about the signs, symptoms, and complications of

paralysis
How to prevent the spread of the disease and deal carefully with
the infected case
Educating parents about immunization to avoid paralysis
Urging to follow the correct treatment program to avoid
complications
 CARRIER

1-Types:
healthy carrier.
incubatory carrier.

convalescence carrier

2- Active detection:
All patient contact should be subjected to investigation.
 CONT

3- Health education:
The most effective way to prevent disease is vaccination.

The polio vaccination is recommended for all children from three

to 18 months of age.
It is also important to practice good personal hygiene to limit the
spread of the poliovirus
 CONT
4- Quarantine:

The incubation period is between 3 and 35 days; for paralytic cases, it is 7–

14 days.
The virus persists in the pharynx for about a week and in the faeces for up to
6 weeks, or more (possibly years) if immunosuppressed.
The virus can be transmitted as long as it is secreted

 Quarantine is done For people with poliomyelitis

 ANIMAL

reservoir for poliomyelitis.

Case: identification, treatment , isolation and
extermination.
Carrier: Active detection ,Quarantine and
extermination.
 SOIL

 It is not a source of infection or a reservoir.

 PORTAL OF EXIT

The exit gate for the poliovirus is fecal matter.

The poliovirus can survive in feces for 3-6
weeks
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Direct transmission:
 droplet infection.

Indirect Transmission:
 Vehicle-borne
 Hand-borne
 SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

All unvaccinated people are vulnerable to

infection
Infants and children are most at risk of infection
Disease usually spreads in unclean, cultured and
environments
 HEALTH EDUCATION

S&S disease and the benefits of seeking early disease

care.
Receive vaccinations on time to avoid infection
 VACCINES

Two types
1.Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
Route: Intramuscular (IM) : 0.5 ml
The first dose at the age of two months
The second dose at the age of 4 months
 The third dose at the age of 6 months
 CONT

2-Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Route: oral ) 2 to 5 ( drops

The first dose at the age of 6 months

The second dose at the age of 12 months

The third dose at the age of 18 months

The fourth dose before the study

 PROPHYLAXIS

The best preventive measure for polio is to ensure hygiene and

encourage good sanitation practices.
prevention of polio begins with vaccination against polio.

poliovirus vaccine that is highly effective in producing protective

antibodies that stimulate immunity to the poliovirus and provide
protection against paralytic polio.
SPECIAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Immunization is an effective preventive measure against

paralysis
Control of the environment, such as hygiene hands, food
 LEGISLATIONS
And the Ministry of Health stated in its statement that it has taken the scientific measures
followed internationally in such cases in the areas in which they appeared and include.
Vaccinate all direct contacts of any detected case, including students of the school in this
case.
In the event that the disease spreads, schools will be closed until the disease is under
control
Vaccination of children aged from 2 months to 6 years, according to the schedule of
vaccination
Isolation of the infected person for 35 days
 ANIMALS

Immunization

Prophylaxis

Special protective measures

Legislation
 REFERENCES

1. C, eds. (2015), "Poliomyelitis", 
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink
Book)
 (13th ed.), Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, (chap. 18), 
archived from the original on 30 December 2016

2.  Mayo Clinic Staff (19 May 2005). "Polio: Complications". Mayo

Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Archived
 from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2007
Thank you