WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT

D.HARSHA
WATER
 2/3rd of human
body
 7/10th of world
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
TOTAL AVAILABLE WATER IN THE VARIOUS
STORAGE COMPONENTS OF THE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Storage Component Volume of Total
water Water
(1012 CUM) (%)

Oceans 13,50,400 97.6

Ice-caps and glaciers 26,000 1.9
Groundwater and soil moisture 7,150 0.5
Fresh Water lakes 125 0.009
Saline Water 105 0.008
Rivers 1.7 0.0001
Atmosphere 13 0.001

Total 13,84,000 100.0

 ALL WATER FRESH WATER

20.00% 0.80%
2.40%

79.20%

97.60% Frozen water

Ground water
Salt Water Fresh water Surface & Atmospheric water

FRESH SURFACE &

ATMOSPHERIC WATER
0.55%
5.50%

93.95%
Lakes
Atmospheric
Rivers (Storage)
WATER RESOURCE INDIAN SCENARIO
Land area 2.45% (Global scale)
Water Resource 4%
Population 16%

India is blessed with fairly high amount of rainfall.

1100 mm(average)

Rajasthan 100 mm
Megalaya 9000 mm

Average annual rainfall equivalent 4000 billion CUM(BCM)

Out of this 75% occurring during 4 months

Balance 25% during remaining 8 months

Our rivers carry 90% of water between June and November

Only 10% of river flow available in 6 months.

 1947 2000 2050

Population 343 million 1000 million 1500million

Rapid urbanization, Industrialization & growth of Agricultural Sector has

resulted in an increase in the demand of water.

1997 – 98 2050

Total Water requirement 629 BCM 1180 BCM (187%)

Availability 1122 BCM 1122 BCM

Quality of water source is threatened because of inadequate provision of

treatment of water.
 WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION
Parameter for water quality measured

 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND is a measure of water pollution

based upon the organic material contained in water.
 The organic materials provides food for aerobic bacteria, which requires
oxygen to be able to bring about the biodegradation of such pollutants.
 The greater the volume of organic materials, and greater the number of
bacteria, the greater will be demand for oxygen.
 If BOD exceeds the available dissolved oxygen in the water, oxygen
depletion occurs and aquatic organism suffers. Death of fish occurs.
 When organic effluent is added to a stream, the demand for oxygen from
bacteria and other organisms which will digest the organic matter and form
chemical oxidation process, is met by the oxygen in the water.
 As the organic material is slowly decomposed and converted in CO2 and
water, the demand for oxygen declines.
 Ultimately the availability of oxygen exceeds its use and DO level in the
stream rise again.
RIVER WATER QUALITY

Class A - Drinking water without conventional treatment

Class B – Water to be used for out door bathing

Class C – Drinking Water with conventional treatment

Class D – Fit for wild life & fisheries

Class E – Fit for recreation and aesthetics, Irrigation or Industrial

cooling
Criteria for designated best use

Criterion Class A Class B Class C Class D ClassE

DO(mg/l) maximum 6 6 5 4 4
BOD (mg/l) maximum 2 3 3
Total coliform count
(MPN/100 ml) maximum 50 500 5,000

pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

Free ammonia(mg/l) maximum 1.2
Conductivity(micro mho/cm) maximum 2,250
Sodium absorption ration maximum 26
Boron (mg/l) maximum 2

Notes: DO: dissolved oxygen

BOD: biochemical oxygen demand
pH:Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water.
Lower values indicate acidity, higher values alkalinity, Neutral water is pH7
MPN: most probable number
mg/I: milligrams per litre ml: milliliter
Mho: unit of conductivity
cm: centimeter
Water quality of the Yamuna – annual averages

Parameters Upper segment Delhi segment

Dissolved oxygen(mg/I) 7.95 1.41

BOD (mg/I) 3.7 17.2

Dissolved solids (mg/l) 270 563

Total coliform(MPN/100 ml) 13,000 9,000,000

Notes: BOD: biochemical oxygen demand

MPN: most probable number
mg/I: milligram per litre
ml: millilitre
 RAINWATER HARVESTING

In order to arrest ground water decline, one of the methods for

management of water resource is rainwater harvesting.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) leads to:

Water recharge in aquifers

Conservation of surface water run off during monsoons
Reduction in power consumption
Arresting sea water ingress.
 POTENTIAL FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING
Average Rainfall in India 1170mm
(It varies from 100mm in the deserts of western India to 15,000mm in the high
rainfall hills of Northeast)
One hectare of land in Barmer, the driest place which receives 100mm of Rainfall
in a year will enable to Harvest 1 million litres of Rainwater per year.
Let say 50% percentage of this water is capturable – 0.5 million litres of water is
available for drinking and cooking needs at the rate 15 litres/head/day, serving 91
persons for the complete year.

Quantum of Rainwater can be captured over an area of 1 hectare 10.0 lakh litres
[with an average Rainfall of 100mm)
Assuming 50% of this water is Harvestable and considering water requirement as
15 litres/head/day for drinking and cooking
No. Of persons will be served with this water 5,00,000 /15*365 = 91 persons
 India’s total land area is over 300 million hectares
[excluding 1/3rd area as inaccessible, around 200 million hectares of land
area is available for Rainwater Harvesting]

 Total quantity of water can be harvested in a year with an average Rainfall

of 1170mm 2.0*1012*1.170 = 2.34*1012 cum

 Taking India’s Population as 1200 million,

Harvested water available per head per day,
• 2.34*1012/1200*106*365 = 5.34 Cum/person/day
5340 litres/person/day
 If even only half this water captured, still around 2670 litres of water can
be made available per person per day. This is 17 times more than the water
requirement for domestic purposes, i.e., 150 litres/person/day.

These calculations shows the potential of Rainwater Harvesting is

enormous and undeniable.
 “We have spent enough on extravagant temples of stone. Let us call a
temporary stop to it and spent it on JAL MANDIRS (water temples like
Check Dams, etc) “
- Swami Madhavpriyadas

 Mahatma Gandhi’s House in Porbandar was provided with an under

ground reservoir, 20 feet long, 20 feet wide and 15 feet deep with a
capacity of 20 thousand gallons, underneath the verandah in front of the
room in which Mahatma was born.

 The well water in porbandar, owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish,
hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater thus therefore, collected and stored
in the underground reservoir for use the year round.

 The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed before the first monsoon
showers, served as catchment for the water , running down a pipe straight
into the tank.

 A heap of lime at mouth of the pipe served to filter and purify the water.
 WATER POLLUTION

Major Type of Pollutants:

CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
PHYSICAL
 A. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Oil, Fuel, Lubricants etc. gets into water by – accidental spills from
ships, tankers, pipe lines and leaky underground storage tanks.

They are poisonous if ingested by animals.

Spilled oil damages the feather/fur of the bird/animals often causing

death.

Restricts atmospheric air.

B. PESTICIDE and HERBICIDE
Chemicals used to kill unwanted animals and plants may be collected by
rainwater runoff and carried to streams.

Bio-degradable Chemicals Quickly decay

Non-biodegradable Chemicals Remain dangerous for a long time

When animal consume plants that have been treated by non-biodegradable

chemicals are absorbed into the tissues of organs of the animal.

When other animals feed on these contaminated animal, the chemical passed up
the food chain with each step up the food chain, the concentration of pollutant
increases.

In one Survey DDT level in OSPREYS

- were found 10 to 50 times more than the fish they ate

- 600 times the level in the plankton that fish ate
- 10 million times higher than in the water

Animal at the top of food chain may as a result of these chemical concentration
suffer cancer, reproductive problems and death.
 C. HEAVY METALS
Such as
Copper, lead, mercury and Selenium get into
water from many sources including industries,

automobile exhaust, mines and natural soil.

Like chemicals/pesticide Heavy Metal become

more concentrated as animals feed on plants
and are consumed in turn by others.

When they reach high levels in the body Heavy

Metal can be immediately poisonous or can

result in long term illness.

(e.g) Cadmium in fertilizer derived from sewage sludge can be absorbed by

crops.
If crops are eaten by human beings in sufficient amount can cause diarrhea,
damage lever and kidney.

Lead:
Children exposed to lead in water can suffer mental retardation.
D. EXCESS ORGANIC MATTER
 Fertilizer and other nutrient used in garden may find their way to
water
 At first they encourage growth of plants and algae in water
When they die and settle at bottom, micro organisms decompose
them.
 In the process DO is consumed.Oxygen level drops to such
dangerously low levels that Oxygen dependent animal in the
water die
 This process of depleting oxygen to deadly levels is called
eutrophication

E. SEDIMENTS
Sediments can damage a stream or lake by introducing too much
nutrient matter. This leads to eutrophication. Sedimentation can
also cover streambed gravel in which many fish, such as salmon and
trout, lay their eggs.
F. THERMAL POLLUTION
Water is used as coolant in factories and power plants. Warm water
is return back to the water body.

Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away

the fish and other species that were originally present, and attract
other species in place of them.

Thermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and

animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish
and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source.

Thermal pollution can also be caused by the removal of trees and

vegetation that shade and cool streams.
G. POLLUTION FROM ATMOSPHERE
 WATER POLLUTION
 Nearly 70 % of India’s water is polluted and unfit for human consumption.

 14 rivers in India cater to the need of 85% population

 Human and industrial waste, urban runoff, agricultural fertilizers, sewage, heavy
metals and pesticides poison our oceans and contaminate our rivers and
groundwater

 Cholera, dysentery and gastroenteritis are responsible for 60% of the total urban
deaths. All these diseases are water-borne and claim a large number of lives every
year in spite of better health facilities and increased expenditure on health.

 Huge ground water extractions have caused our water levels to drop

 Paving and development prevent groundwater from recharging when it rains

Recycling of treated sewage water for Industrial purposes in MRL,

MFL and GMR Vasavi (Chennai).
 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

 The maximum value of BOD is very high ( and increasing too) from
the allowed limit of 3mg/L.
 RIVER POLLUTION
List of Polluted River Stretches:
River Polluted stretch Desired Existing Critical
class class Parameters Possible source of pollution

Sabarmati Immediate upstream

of Ahmedabad upto
Sabarmati Ashram
Sabarmati Ashram to
Vautha B E DO, BOD, Domestic and industrial
waste
Coliform from Ahmedabad

Subamareha Hatia dam to C D/E -do- Domestic and industrial

waste Bharagora from Ranchi and Jamshedpur

Godavari Downstream to
Nasik and Nanded C D/E BOD Wastes from sugar industries,
distilleries and food
processing Industries

Krishna Karad to Sangli C D/E BOD Wastes from sugar industries

and distilleries

Sutlej Downstream of C D/E DO, BOD Industrial wastes from

Ludhiana to Haike hosieries, tanneries, electro-
plating and engineering
industries and domestic
waste from Ludhiana and
Jalandhar
List of Polluted River Stretches:
River Polluted stretch Desired Existing Critical
class class Parameters Possible source of pollution

Hindon Saharapur to C D DO, BOD, Industrial and domestic waste

confluence with Yamauna Toxicity from Saharapur and
Ghaziabad

Chambal Downstream of Nagda C D/E BOD, DO Domestic and industrial wastes

and Kota from Nagada and Kota

Damodar Downstream of C D/E BOD Industrial wastes from

Dhanbad Toxicity Dhanbad, Durgapur,
Asansol, Haldia and Burnpur

Gomti Lucknow to confluence C D/E DO, BOD Industrial wastes from

with Ganges Coliform distilleries and domestic
wastes from Lucknow

Kali Downstream of C D/E BOD Industrial and domestic

Modinagar to confluence wastes from
modinagar with Ganges
 LAWS RELATING TO PREVENTION OF
WATER POLLUTION

1. River Board Act 1956

2. Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 1979

3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 amended1979

4. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977.

 NATIONAL WATER POLICY
 The National Water Resource Council under the chairmanship of Prime
Minister of India adopted a National Water Policy in 1987.

 Appropriate organization should be set up in each state for planned

development of river basins

 All development projects should be formulated by the states and considered

within the framework of an overall plan for a basin.

 Comprehensive plans should be set up in each state taking into

consideration not only the needs of irrigation by also other water uses
keeping in view the existing Agreements and Tribunal Awards.

 Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from one
river basin to another basin on national prospective after taking into
consideration the requirement of area.

 Policy also requires that awareness should be created that water is

a scarce resource and needs to be conserved.
 NATIONAL WATER POLICY

 We continue to regard water as a perpetual resource ,

 where as it is not so
 and we continue to ignore the fact there is not substitute of fresh water
unlike some other renewable resources.
 Water shortage and water pollution are two common observations in
India.
 GANGA ACTION PLAN
 Origin of Ganges
 Destination
 Length of Traverse
 Towns in Ganga basin
 On the bank
 Average Population Density
 BOD
 Important cities
: Gangothri,Himalayas
: Ganga Sagar, Bay of Bengal
: 2500 KM
: 700Nos
: 27 Nos
: 300 Persons per Sq. Km
: Never falls below 5 Mg/lit
: Kanpur,Calcutta,Banaras,
Allahabad
 POLLUTION AT GANGES
At Rishikesh : IDPL
Hardwar : BHEL
Kanpur : 70 Tanneries
Varanasi : 60 million litres of untreated sewage
West Bengal : 87 Jute Mills
12 Textile Mills
7 Tanneries
5 Paper & Pulp Factory
Barauni to Farakka :
250 km stretch

1980 Study : 14000 million litres sewage.

250 million litre Industrial sewage are dumped per day.
Unburnt bodies
(human as well as animals) Harmful residual pesticides
(contd..)
 POLLUTION AT GANGES(Contd)

Silting is another major problems.

Massive Deforestation has resulted into the rich top soil carried
away to sea.

The silt deposit raise river beds causing floods during monsoons.
It is estimated that 40% of travails of Ganga arise due to silting.
 GANGA ACTION PLAN I
 CPCB’s report on water pollution in Ganga basin – 1984
 Ambient water Quality class ‘C’ and ‘D’
 Central Ganga Authority was established in 1985 under the
Chairmanship of the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
 GAP launched in 1986
 A total of 261 schemes were sanctioned in six categories

1. Interception and diversion of waste

2. Sewage Treatment plants
3. Low cost Sanitations
4. Electric Crematoria
5. River Front Facilities
6. Biological regeneration of Rivers

 Approved cost 462.04 crores

 Scheduled completion – March 1997
 Implementing authority – National River Conservation Directorate
 State wise and Type-wise Distribution of Schemes Sanctioned and
Completed – Ganga Action Plan

Sl.No. Type of Schemes Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal Total

1. Sewage Interception &

Diversion 40 17 30 87
(40) (17) (31) (88)

2 Sewage Treatment Plant 12 3 14 29

(13) (7) (15) (35)

3 Low Cost Sanitation 14 7 22 43

(14) (7) (22) (43)

4 Electric Crematoria 3 8 17 28
(3) (8) (17) (28)

5 River Front Development 8 3 24 35

(8) (3) (24) (35)

6 Other Schemes 28 3 1 32
(28) (3) (1) (32)

Total 105 41 108 254

(106) (45) (110) (261)
 GANGA ACTION PLAN – PHASE II

 Launched in 1995

 Includes Gomti and Damodar River

 Approved costs Rs.416.33 Crore.

 Includes 29 towns along the Gange, some which are in Phase I

 Main Task – Interception and treatment of waste water

 Scheduled to be completed by March 1999

 STATUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN I & II
 GAP launched in 1985, with the objective of bringing water quality of
river Ganga and its tributary to bathing levels, was not able to achieve
its objectives, despite total expenditure of Rs.901.71 Crore over a period
of 15 years.
 There were short falls in the allocation of resources.
 Of the total domestic sewage of 5044 mld GAP addressed only 2794 mld.
Achieved only 1095.69 mld i.e. 39% of the Taqrget.
 Technology adopted by NRCD
 For the want of funds, NRCD abandoned the crucial activity of
monitoring the water quality since September 1999.
 Diversion of funds
 Delay in land acquisition
 Not function of ETP by Industries.

(Contd….)
 STATUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN I & II(Contd..)
State Number of Units

Grossly ETPs Closed ETPs under ETPs not

Polluting Installed Construction Functioning
units properly

Haryana 56 47 9 -- 18

West Bengal 96 77 16 3 33

Uttar Pradesh 117 96 21 -- 8

Delhi 428 80 -- -- --

Bihar 35 35 -- -- 3

Total 732 335 46 3 62

 WORLD SUMMIT FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS FOR WATER AND SANITATION – JOHANNESBURG 2000

Water was one of the core issues addressed during WSSD – 2000.
Partnership were formed for action. WSSD states the following.

 Develop and implement efficient household sanitation systems;

 Improve sanitation in public institutions, especially schools;
 Promote safe hygiene practices;
 Promote education and outreach focused on children, as agents of
behavioral change;
 Promote affordable and socially and culturally acceptable
technologies and practices;
 Develop innovative financing and partnership mechanisms;
 Integrate sanitation into water resources management strategies;
 Increase access to sanitation to improve human health and
prioritizing water and sanitation in national sustainable
development strategies.
 INDIA’S MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Coast line 7500 km. Spread over Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

Exclusive Economic Zone’s 2.02 million Sq, Km.

West Coast 0.86 million Sq. Km
East Coast 0.56 million Sq. Km
Andaman Nicobar Islands 0.60 million Sq. Km

Mangroves cover 3,15,000 hectare

Confined along East coast(Orrissa and West Bengal) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Sundarbans in West Bengal – Largest mangrove forest in the world.
Mangrove flora comprises of 50 Exclusive species
Endangered Species 67%
Threatened Species 97%
Reasons - Indiscriminate cutting
- Reclaimable for agriculture and urbanisation
- Aquaculture
- Over gazing of Domestic cattle.
(Contd…)
INDIA’S MARINE ENVIRONMENT(Contd..)

Sand dunes which support diverse flora are categorised as ecologically

sensitive areas under coastal Regulation Zone notification of 1991

Coral reefs are found in the Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch, Central
West coast of India, Lakshadeep and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

They are very rich in flora and fauna

Fisheries is a major Economic consideration. The annual export of

fisheries is 0.4 million tons(m.t).

1950-51 1992-93 1995-96

Annual Production 0.534 m.t. 2.576 m.t. 2.8 m.t.(9.3-15)

2017-18—12.6 million ton

Indian fishers support many ancillary units such as boat building

and processing plants.
 CORE ISSUES OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT

 Preserving of ecologically sensitive areas

 Developing and increasing marine living resources

 Ensuring effective monitoring and enforcement with

respect to fishing activities

 Improving the living standards of coastal communities

 Addressing issues of critical uncertainty and climate

change
INDIA’S INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF MARINE AND COASTAL
ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS
Year Relevant Acts, programmes Salient features and Amendments
1897 Indian Fisheries Act Officer protection to fisheries against explosives
or dynamites
1908 Indian Ports Act Enactment relating to ports and port charges
Provides for rules for the safety of shipping and
conservation of ports
1950 Coast Guard Act Provides levying of heavy penalties for the
pollution of port water in 1993, Coast Guard under
Ministry of Defense , made directly responsible for
combating marine pollution.
National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan,
formulated in 1996, under Coast Guard Act
lays down action to be taken in the event of oil
spills
1958 Merchant Shipping Act Control of Pollution from ships and off-shore
platforms
1972 Wildlife Protection Act Offer protection to marine life.
Creates conditions favourable for in situ
conservation of flora and fauna.
Amended in 1991 to prohibit fishing within the
sanctuary area.
Gahirmatha, annual mass nesting place for Olive
Ridley turtle, an endangered species, accorded
the status of marine sanctuary in 1997
Amended in 2001 to include several species of
fish, corals, sea cucumbers and sea shells in
schedule I and III
Whale shark placed in schedule I
INDIA’S INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF
MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)
Year Relevant Acts, programmes
1974 Water(Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act
1976 Maritime Zones Act
1978 Marine Fishing Regulation Act
1980 Forest Conservation Act
1982 Coastal Pollution Control
Series(COPOCS programme)
1986 Environment Protection Act (EPA)
Salient features and Amendments
Control of pollution from land - based sources
includes tidal waters, unlike many other
countries and has jurisdiction upto 5 km in the
sea
Describes various zones such as territorial
waters, EEZ, Continental shelf, etc.
A model act, which provides guidelines to the
maritime states to enact laws for protection to
marine fisheries by regulating fishing in the
territorial water. The measures include
regulation of mesh size and gear, reservation fo
zones for various fishing sectors and also d
eclaration of closed seasons. Law framed and
amended from time to time by different maritime
states.
Coastal states ban fishing during closed
season.
Different closure period for different states.
Protection to marine biodiversity.
Started in 1982 by CPCB
Under this, the Coastal Regulation zone 1991
has been notified. Standards for discharging
effluents are fixed.
INDIA’S INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF
MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)
Year Relevant Acts, programmes
1991 Coastal Regulation Zone
Notification (under EPA 1986)
1991 Deep Sea Fishing Policy
Salient features and Amendments
Regulation of various activities in coastal zone.
Classifies coastal zone into four categories
specifying activities permitted and prohibited in
each category.
Offers protection to backwaters and estuaries.
Aquaculture was allowed as foreshore activity.
The Supreme Court in 1995 banned all the
aquaculture activities, except traditional and
modified traditional, in the coastal zone upto
500 m in most places.
Aquaculture Authority was formed.
Allows foreign fishing vessels into Indian
waters beyond water beyond 12 nautical miles.
Protests from local fishermen. Charter and
leasing operations of foreign trawlers
suspended in 1997.
No granting of new licenses to join venture
companies operating in the EEZ
Deep Sea Fishing Policy, 1991 practically
scrapped in 1997.
INDIA’S INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF
MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)
Year Relevant Acts, programmes Salient features and Amendments
1991 Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Being implemented from 1991 onwards.
Prediction Systems(COMPAS) Assesses the health of coastal waters and facilities
Project management of pollution-related issues Programme
was restructured and modified in 2000-01 include
pollution monitoring; liaison, regulation and
legislation; and consultancy services.
1995 National Environmental Act This has been created to award compensation for d
amages to persons, property and the environment
arising from any activity involving hazardous
substances.
1995 Land Ocean Interaction in the Aims to develop, on a scientific basis the integrated
Coastal Zone (LOICZ Project) management of coastal environments.
1996 Coastal Zone Management Supreme Court intervention that all the Coastal states
Plans(CZYMPs) prepare their CZMPs by 1996
1997 National Environment Appellate Addreses appeals with respect to restrictions of areas in
Authority Act which classes of industries etc. are carried out or
prescribed subject to certain safeguards under the EPA.
The objective is to bring in transparency and
accountability and to ensure the smooth and expeditious
implementation of developmental schemes and projects.
INDIA’S INITIATIVES FOR PROTECTION OF
MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT-HIGHLIGHTS(Contd..)
Year Relevant Acts, programmes Salient features and Amendments
1998 Turtle Exclusion Device (TED) Orissa High Court passed judgement in 1998 that all fishing
mandatory in Orissa trawlers be equipped with TED.
1997 - Ocean Observation and Generate reliable oceanographic data. Various projects of
1998 Information Service(OOIS) DOD were restructured under this.
1998 Integrated Coastal and Marine Aims at integrated management of coastal and marine areas.
Area Management(ICMAM Model plans for Chennai, Goa and Gulf of Kutch being
Project) prepared.
Ninth Department of Ocean, Major objectives were to have reliable and realistic information
Plan Development (DOD)programme on the potential of marine living resources in the Indian EEZ
to assess living resources beyond for sustainable development and management and to 70
70m depth augment sea food production and thereby the income of the
coastal fishing community and the fishing industry. Initiated
during the Ninth Five-year Plan for better understanding of the
resources of the Indian EEZ, since the regional upto 50-70 m
depth is exploited almost to the maximum sustainable levels.
2000 The Bio-diversity Bill With an aim to protect and conserve biodiversity and
sustainable use of its components. Biodiversity Bill is being
replaced in Parliament.
ICMAN
The Department of Ocean Development (DOD) was established in 1981.
DOD formulated the first Ocean Policy Statement(OPS)

OPS emphasis on sustainable exploitation of living and non-living resources.

DOD introduced Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management(ICMAN)

Activities of ICMAN
Development of GIS-based information systems for critical habitats containing all information
necessary to prepare management plans.

Determination of waste assimilation capacity at selected estuaries.

Development of EIA guidelines for major coastal developmental activities and process

Determination of No Impact Zone for Pulicat and Coringa.

User classification of coastal zones for future developmental activities.

Infrastructure development for capacity building in ICMAM through training.

Development of model ICMAM plans for selected areas such as Chennai, Goa and Gulf of Kutch.
 MARINE POLLUTION

 Nutrients from agricultural fertilizers results in growth of plants which through

their respiration and decomposition, deplete the level of DO killing fish and other
organism

 Raw sewage and sludge released into rivers and coastal habitats by many
countries, leading to growth of plants and increased BOD and lowering DO.

 Toxic substances from Industries are introduced into the marine environment.
Heavy metal and toxic waste will affect human directly or indirectly thru
consumption of fish.

 Oil Spill – Ingestion of oil by fishes, birds and other animal leads to death

 Plastic wastes – Mistaken for food by fishes, these fish get strangulated.
 OIL SPILLS
 Tankers and offshore wells are major sources of marinal pollution

 January 1969, blow out from oil well in the SANTA BARBARA channel covered miles of
ocean surface smeared beaches with 2 inches layer of crude oil. Leak continued for more
than a year.

 March 1978, oil tanker ran around rocks spilled 2,30,000 Ton of oil shipment from England
to France.

 In 1989, the wreck of Tanker Exxon Valdaz spilled 10 million gallons of crude oil in Alaska.

 In Gulf war, million tons of oil was released by Iraq.

 Oil discharged on ocean surface forms into slick and floats over ocean surface and if it get
absorbed on solid particles it sinks. The floating and suspended oil is absorbed by tiny
organisms.
Since tiny organisms are part of food chain, the other higher forms of marine life feed upon
them and successively pass the oil pollutants to higher levels in marine mammals, birds
and man.
 TECHNIQUES OF CONTROLLING EFFECT OF OIL SPILLS

 Burning of oil

 Leaving the oil deposits in place making them innocuous by coating

them with various materials.

 Emulsifying the oil and leaving its dispensed by the tides and wave

 By hosing it down with water

 MINAMATA DISEASE
Minamata is a town in the Islands of Japan.

The Chisso Company was producing acetaldehyde by passing

acetylene gas using mercury as catalyst, leaving methyl mercury as
a bye product. This effluent was discharged in the sea. People got
poisoned when they ate methyl mercury contaminated fish.

First human victim was reported in 1956. It affects the brain and
nervous system. Before that cats and birds were affected.

1965 another epidemic occurred when SHOWA DENKO Corporation,

KANOSE Factory discharged Methyl mercury waste in Agona River.

In 1992,
2945 individual certified as M.M.D victim
1343 died
13,746 denied certification
Like Bhopal gas leak case, even after 25 years victims seeking
compensation protested in front of Chisso Company.

Company installed waste treatment equipment in 1966

Stopped manufacturing acetaldehyde by 1968.

By then 400 to 600 tons of mercury dumped into the shallow

Minamata Bay

1982 Dredging of Bay began. Since then Mercury level in fish have
dropped.

1993 – study revealed it is still higher than what was permissible.