ENERGY

RESOURCE
S
 LEARNIN OBJECTIVES
G
 Describe how fossil fuels are formed
 Explain how heat from inside the earth is tapped as a
source of energy (geothermal) for human use
 Explain how energy (hydroelectric) is harnessed from
flowing water
 REFLECTION QUESTION
How important is energy to the advancement
of society and how do we ensure self-
sufficiency for the current and future
generations (energy independence)?
 FOSSIL FUELS
These are fuels formed by natural processes such as
anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The
age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is
typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650
million years.
 FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and
include coal, petroleum and natural gas. Other more
commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include
kerosene and propane.
 COAL FORMATION
Like oil and natural gas, coal is a
fossil fuel. It started forming over 350
million years ago, through the
transformation of organic plant matter.
COAL FORMATION
 COAL DEFINITION
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in
layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The
harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be
regarded as metamorphic rock because of later
exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
 COAL DEFINITION
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along
with variable quantities of other elements,
chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
 COALIFICATION ?
Coalification is the formation of coal
from plant material by the processes of
diagenesis and metamorphism. Also
known as bituminization or
carbonification.
 TYPES OF COAL
There are several different types of coal. They are ranked according to their
carbon and volatile matter content.

1
Anthracite is 86 to 98%
pure carbon and 8 to 3%
volatile matter. It is an
excellent fuel that is still
used to heat homes.
 TYPES OF COAL
There are several different types of coal. They are ranked according to their
carbon and volatile matter content.

2
Bituminous coal
contains 70 to 86%
carbon and 46 to 31%
volatile matter. It is used
to make coke, used in
metallurgy.
 TYPES OF COAL
There are several different types of coal. They are ranked according to their
carbon and volatile matter content.

3
Sub-bituminous coal
is 70 to 76% carbon
and 53 to 42% volatile
matter. It is burned in
industrial boilers.
 TYPES OF COAL
There are several different types of coal. They are ranked according to their
carbon and volatile matter content.

4
Lignite is 65 to 70%
carbon and 63 to 53%
volatile matter. It is a
low-grade fuel with a
high moisture content
that is used in industrial
boilers.
 TYPES OF COAL
There are several different types of coal. They are ranked according to their
carbon and volatile matter content.

5
Peat consists of partially
decomposed vegetation.
Technically speaking, it isn’t
coal. It has a carbon content
of less than 60% and is
composed entirely of volatile
matter.
PETROLEUM
(OIL &
GAS) FORMATION
PETROLEUM (OIL &
GAS) FORMATION
Deep in the Earth, oil and natural gas are
formed from organic matter from dead plants
and animals. These hydrocarbons take millions
of years to form under very specific pressure
and temperature conditions.
PETROLEUM (OIL &
GAS) FORMATION
When a living organism dies, it is generally
recycled in one of two ways:
- It is eaten by predators, scavengers or
bacteria.
- Through exposure to ambient air or
oxygen-rich water, it oxidizes.
 HOW OIL AND GAS MIGRATE
Starting out from the source rock where
they are formed, hydrocarbon molecules,
which are light, set off on an upward
journey to the surface. They accumulate
in porous rock and are blocked by
impermeable rock, thereby creating oil
and gas deposits.
 OIL AND GAS TRAPS
There are two main types of trap:

1
Structural traps, which are formed by changes in
geological layers caused by the movement of
tectonic plates. Reservoir rock is sometimes
deformed until it forms a completely sealed space.
These anticlinal traps are dome-shaped and the most
common type of structural trap.
 OIL AND GAS TRAPS
There are two main types of trap:

2
Stratigraphic traps are made up of sedimentary
layers that have not undergone tectonic deformation.
In this case, a cap rock completely seals off the
reservoir rock. For example, salt domes can act as
cap rocks in this type of trap.
 FOSSIL FUEL POWER GENERATION

 Fossil fuel is used to generate energy through

COMBUSTION, which is burning the fuel.
 FOSSIL FUEL POWER GENERATION

 Electrical energy generation using steam turbines involves

three energy conversions, extracting thermal energy from
the fuel and using it to raise steam, converting the thermal
energy of the steam into kinetic energy in the turbine and
using a rotary generator to convert the turbine's
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
FOSSIL FUEL POWER GENERATION
 CRUDE OIL
 It is a mixture of many organic
substances. To separate its
components, crude oil is
subjected to fractional
distillation.
CRUDE OIL
GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
 GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION

 In simpler terms, hot water is allowed to

rise to the surface through tubes. Then, the
steam is directed to a turbine which rotates
and makes a generator attached to it
generate electricity.
GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
 GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
Three main types:

1
Low-temperature Geothermal Energy
At 20°C to 90°C, geothermal heat and water are
used for geothermal heating.
 GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
Three main types:

2
Medium-temperature Geothermal Energy
At 90°C to 160°C, the water is used on the surface
in liquid form. It transfers its heat to another fluid,
which vaporizes at low temperature and drives a
turbine to generate power.
 GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
Three main types:

3
High-temperature Geothermal Energy
At temperatures above 160°C, the water turns into
steam when it reaches the Earth’s surface. It drives
turbines to generate power.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

 Hydroelectric energy is energy obtained

from moving water that mechanically turns
turbines to generate electricity.
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

 Hydroelectric energy requires the energy of flowing water

by creating a water reservoir through building dams to
collect river water resulting in the formation of artificial
lakes or reservoir. The water is then directed through
tunnels in the dam. The potential energy of water is
released and converted into kinetic energy that runs the
turbine to move generators to generate electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Three main types:

1
RUN-OF-RIVER PLANTS
 produce energy using the flow of the river. With
dams less than 25 meters high, these “small
hydro” plants generate power continuously to
meet daily needs.
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Three main types:

2
OFF-STREAM PLANTS
 are modular, meaning that energy can be
produced on demand, with dams used to create
reservoirs that can be released as required. On
lakes, water falls from a significant height (over
300 meters); on locks, from between 20 and 300
meters.
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
Three main types:

3
PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANTS
 are specifically designed for modular operation.
They have two reservoirs at different heights.
When demand requires, water is released from the
higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. When
there is excess production, the surplus electricity
is used to pump water into the higher reservoir.