03 Transformer

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
TRANSFORMER
Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Page No :1
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Transformer
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
1. When switch is opened, there 2. As switch is closed, current

is no current flow, thus no
increases, magnetic flux changing
magnetic field build up.
through coil B. Meter deflects.
Induction occurs. Current flows.
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Transformer
3. Current steady. Flux steady. 4. As switch opens current falls.
No induction. Magnetic flux changing back

through coil B. Meter deflects in
opposite direction. Induction
occurs. Current flow opposite
direction.
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Transformer
Note :
Induction on coil B occurs only
when there is changing of flux on
coil A by making the switch
closes and opens repeatedly.
This process is called Mutual
5. No current. No magnetic
Inductance.
flux. No induction.
Principle of Faraday's law of
induction

Page No :4
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Transformer
6. By connecting AC supply to coil A, the magnetic flux keep changing thus

induction keeps occurring in coil B. Therefore, induces voltage on coil B.

Page No :5
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Page No :6
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Transformer
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
When two coils are placed close to each other, a

changing electromagnetic field produced by the
current in one coil will cause an induced voltage in
the second coil because of the mutual inductance
Mutual inductance is established by the inductance

of each coil and by the amount of coupling between
the two coils. To maximize coupling, the two coils
are wound on a common core

Page No :7
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Transformer
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY

Page No :8
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Transformer
THE BASIC TRANSFORMER
Source voltage is applied to the primary winding
The load is connected to the secondary winding
The core provides a physical structure for placement of
windings and a magnetic path so that the magnetic flux
lines are concentrated close to the coils
Typical core materials are: air, ferrite, and iron
Air and ferrite cores are used at high frequencies
Iron cores are used for low frequencies transformers and

power applications
- laminated to reduce eddy current losses
- high permeability  increase the lines flux and flux loss
is small

Page No :9
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Page No :10
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Transformer
THE BASIC TRANSFORMER

Page No :11
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Transformer
Basic
Transformer
Construction

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Simple transformer
A simple AC transformer is basically a dual electromagnet with two
sets of wires wound around it for the input and output voltages.
The input AC voltage goes through the primary coil, making the soft
iron core and AC electromagnet. Soft iron is used because the
direction of magnetism can change rapidly with the change in direction
of the current. The strength of the magnetic field is a function of the
number of turns of the primary coil.
The changing magnetic field activates the secondary coil on the
electromagnet, creating an output voltage that is a function of the
number of coils.
Simple AC
transformer

Page No :13
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Transformer
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

Page No :14
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Transformer
TURNS RATIO
Turns ratio (n) is defined as the ratio of the number of turns in
the secondary winding (Nsec) to the number of turns in the
primary winding (Npri)
n = Nsec / Npri
With the turns ratio, the secondary voltage can be determined

with the following formula:
Vsec = n (Vpri)
The ratio of Vs to Vp or Ns to Np is known as the

Transformation Ratio.

Page No :15
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Transformer Turns Ratio
Turn ratio is 10, mean this is Step Up Transformer

Page No :16
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Transformer
Turn ratio is 1/ 10, means this is Step Down Transformer

Page No :17
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Video : Working of Transformer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx4_7lIjoBA

Page No :18
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Transformer
DIRECTIONS OF WINDING
The direction of the windings determines the polarity
of the voltage across the secondary winding with
respect to the voltage across the primary
Phase dots are used to indicate polarities

Page No :19
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Transformer

Page No :20
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STEP-UP TRANSFORMERS
A transformer in which the secondary voltage is greater than the
primary voltage is called a step-up transformer
The ratio of secondary voltage (Vsec) to primary voltage (Vpri) is equal
to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding (Nsec) to
the number of turns in the primary winding (Npri)
Vsec / Vpri = Nsec / Npri
VS NS
Turn Ratio = ---- = ----
VP NP
 If there are more turns on the secondary than on the primary, the turn
ratio is greater than 1

Page No :21
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Transformer
Ex 1
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Secondary voltage (VS)

Page No :22
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Transformer
Ex 2
Find :
a. Secondary turns (NS)
b. Turn ratio

Page No :23
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Transformer
Ex 3
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Primary voltage (Vp)

Page No :24
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Transformer
STEP-DOWN TRANFORMERS
A transformer in which the secondary voltage is less

than the primary voltage is called a step-down
transformer
The amount by which the voltage is stepped down
depends on the turns ratio
The turns ratio of a step-down transformer is always less
than 1

Page No :25
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Transformer
Ex 1
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Secondary voltage (VS)

Page No :26
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Transformer
Ex 2
Find :
a. Secondary turns (NS)
b. Turn ratio

Page No :27
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Transformer
Ex 3
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Primary voltage (Vp)

Page No :28
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Transformer
CURRENT AND POWER

When a load resistor is connected to the secondary
winding, there is a current through the resulting
secondary circuit because of the voltage induced in the
secondary coil
This results in current in both the primary and secondary
coils which is also affected by the turns ratio
For an ideal transformer, the power delivered in the
secondary (Vsec x Isec) equals the power in the primary
(Vpri x Ipri)

Page No :29
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Transformer
In an ideal transformer :
Power IN = Power OUT
Pp = Ps
(V pri x I pri) = (V sec x I sec)
n = Nsec / Npri

Page No :30
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Transformer
Ex 1

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Transformer

Page No :32
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Transformer
Ex 2

Page No :33
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Transformer

Page No :34
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Transformer
Therefore:
– If the voltage is stepped up in the secondary, the current is stepped down

by the same turn ratio
– If the voltage is stepped down in the secondary, the current is stepped up

by the same turn ratio

Page No :35
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Transformer
The reason for transforming the voltage is that higher distribution voltages
implies lower currents and therefore lower losses along the lines
Voltage and Current in Step Up and Step Down Transformer

Page No :36
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Transformer
Primary Power (Pp) = Secondary Power (Ps)

Page No :37
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Turns Ratio
n = Nsec = Vsec = I pri

Npri Vpri I sec
Current Ratio
Secondary Current = I sec
Primary Current I pri

Page No :38
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TRANSFORMER - EXERCISE
In a 5:1 step up transformer, 200 V is applied to the
primary. Load on secondary is 1600 ohm. What is the
current in the primary ?

Page No :39
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Ideal Transformer
Input Power = Output Power
Reality
Input Power = Output Power + Losses

Page No :40
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Transformer
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
There are losses in a transformer :
(a) Iron losses

 Eddy currents
 Hysteresis
(b) Copper losses

- the resistive losses in the wires, I2R
(c) Stray Flux/ Flux leakage

Page No :41
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Transformer
IRON LOSS – (i) Eddy current  a small voltage produced by heat
 to minimize heat, is by laminating the iron core
 Any electrically conductive object will conduct an induced current if it is placed in a

changing magnetic field.
 Eddy currents are circular induced currents.
 By laminating iron core  breaks the induced voltage into smaller voltages  which
reduces eddy current  as high resistance exists between layers
Page No :42
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Page No :43
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VIDEOS :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ23gmS3KHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYSz8OWct48

Page No :44
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Transformer
IRON LOSS - (ii) Hysteresis losses
 energy loss during magnetization and de-magnetization of a material
 reduced by choosing a material such as silicon steel, steel alloy , soft magnetic
materials which have low hysteresis loss
-

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Page No :48
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Page No :49
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Transformer
(c) Copper losses due to (d) Flux linkage losses may be

resistive in the wires or I2 R reduced by the design of the core
losses

Page No :50
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Transformer
TRANSFORMER WITH NO-LOAD
When a voltage is applied to the primary with no load
connected, the primary alternating flux will also induce a
back emf into the primary winding in opposition to the
applied emf.
A very small current that flows in the primary is a current
which is necessary to overcome losses and to magnetize
the core
Vpri and Vsec are in anti-phase
Off-load primary current will lag behind the primary
voltage (inductive)

Page No :51
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh4RUAP3BZg&spfreload=10

Page No :52
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Transformer
This no-load primary
current is made up of
the following two
components:
1). An in-phase current,

IE which supplies the
core losses (eddy
current and hysteresis).
2). A current, IM at 90o to

the voltage which sets
up the magnetic flux.
PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR TRANSFORMER – NO LOAD

Page No :53
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Transformer
TRANSFORMER ON-LOAD / WITH LOAD
Secondary currents
provide a flux in the core
which opposes the
primary flux – reduces
the total flux in the core
– the primary back emf
is reduced
The effective emf in the primary increases so does the
primary current
Increase loading on the secondary winding increases the
primary current
Page No :54
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Transformer
The total current drawn

from the supply by the
primary winding is the
vector sum of the no-
load current, Io and the
additional supply
current, I1 as a result of
the secondary
transformer loading
which lags behind the
supply voltage by an
PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR A TRANSFORMER angle of Φ.

Page No :55
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Transformer
TRANSFORMER REGULATION
1. When no-load is applied, the secondary voltage is high and the voltage will
slightly drop when load is applied due to copper losses.
2. The difference between no-load and full-load is a transformer regulation
and expressed in percentage (%)
3. To find transformer regulation:
Regulation (%) = No Load Voltage – Full Load Voltage X 100

Full Load Voltage
4. Typically the value is 1 to 2%.

Page No :56
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Transformer
Example:
A transformer no load voltage is 28V and full load voltage is 27.5V. Calculate the
regulation of a transformer?
Regulation = No load voltage – Full load voltage x 100%

Full load voltage
= 28 V – 27.5 V x 100%
27.5 V
= 1.8 %

Page No :57
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Transformer
EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of a transformer is expressed in Percentage (%)
Efficiency = Output power x 100

Input power Ps=48 W
= 48W x 100
Pp=50 W
50W
= 96 %
Due to transformer losses, the output power is always less than the primary
power.
Page No :58
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Transformer
DESIGN OF CORE

Page No :59
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Transformer
LOW FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

Used within the audio frequency range
Core type – the laminations are either U and I shaped or
L shaped. They are staggered when assembled to
provide a single magnetic circuit. The winding can be on
limb or split between the two limbs.

Page No :60
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Transformer
LOW FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER
Shell type – The laminations are usually T and U or E

and I shaped and are staggered when assembled to give
a three limbed former.

Page No :61
Issue No : 01
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=XrIXioEn3yQ

Page No :62
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Transformer
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER
Radio frequency transformer are used in radio

transmitters and receivers (100 kHz to 100 MHz)
Do NOT have iron cores because iron losses would be
high at high frequency.
Have air or ferrite core  are used to adjust the coil
inductance or modify the coupling effect between the two
coils.

Page No :63
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Transformer
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

Page No :64
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Types of Transformer
Auto Transformer
Quadrature/ Mutual Reactor
Current Transformer
Impedance Matching

Page No :65
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Transformer
(a) AUTO TRANSFORMER
In an autotransformer, one winding serves as both the
primary and the secondary. The winding is tapped at the
proper points to achieve the desired turns ratio for stepping
up or down the voltage
Step Down Auto Transformer Step Up Auto Transformer

Page No :66
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Transformer
Variable Auto Transformer

(also known as Variac)

Page No :67
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Transformer
(b) QUADRATURE (MUTUAL REACTOR)
A device was required that give a phase angle of 90°
between the current in one circuit and a signal being put
into another circuit. The angle between the primary
current in a quadrature transformer and its secondary
voltage is 90°.
If an air gap is cut in the former of the transformer, more

current will be required to magnetize the core to overcome
the increased reluctance. As the magnetising element of
the primary current is at 90° to the applied voltage, the
primary current is increased and at the same time moved
around until it is almost 90° behind the applied voltage.

Page No :68
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Transformer
It also follows that the primary current is almost at

90° ahead of the secondary emf.
The air gap has an optimum size and is usually beneath
the windings, so it looks just like any other small
transformer. It is only used to obtain signal voltages and
cannot be loaded to any great extent.

Page No :69
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Transformer
QUADRATURE TRANSFORMER
The primary current is almost at 900 ahead of the secondary emf

Page No :70
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Transformer
PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR QUADRATURE TRANSFORMER

Page No :71
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Transformer
(c) CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 Designed to enable circuit currents to be measured without

breaking into the circuit
 Works on the principle of mutual inductance
 Has a step-up turns ratio with the primary being the load supply
cable
 The secondary winding is wound on a non-laminated toroidal core

of silicon iron

Page No :72
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Transformer
For most current transformers the
primary and secondary currents are
expressed as a ratio such as 100/ 5.
This means that when 100 Amps is
flowing in the primary winding it will
result in 5 Amps flowing in the
secondary winding.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
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Transformer

Page No :74
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Transformer
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Page No :75
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Transformer
OPERATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 When fitting a current transformer make sure it is fitted the correct way
round
 When connecting the secondary to its load, make sure it is correctly
fitted.
 Never operate the primary circuit with the secondary open circuited.
Short it out.
 Never operate a current transformer on anything other than its
designed load
 In some cases, the current transformer and its load are a matched
pair. (They may even carry the same serial numbers). If one is
changed, then the other must also be changed.
 When they are used in control circuitry, remember that the secondary
output is a supply source proportional to the primary current flow.

Page No :76
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Transformer
(d) IMPEDANCE MATCHING TRANSFORMER
 Impedance Z = V/I
 The impedance Zs of the secondary is the ratio of secondary voltage

to secondary current and the impedance Zp of the primary is the ratio
of the primary voltage to the primary current.
 The primary and secondary voltages and currents are related to each
other by the turns ratio (T) of the transformer
T2 = Zs_
Zp
Page No :77
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Transformer
 Maximum power is transferred from a source of supply to a load

circuit only when the load impedance is equal to the internal
impedance of the source of supply.

Page No :78
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Transformer
Example 1:
The secondary impedance (Zs) of
a transformer is 9000 Ώ and its
turn ratio is 3. Calculate primary Zs=9000Ώ
impedance (Zp) for a maximum
power transfer? Zp=?
Zp = Zs
T2
T=3
= 9000 ohms
32
= 1000 ohms

Page No :79
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Transformer
Example 2 :
Find the turn ratio of
transformer for
maximum power
Zp
transfer?
Zs
Zp = Zs
T2 T=?
T2 = Zs
Zp
= 4Ώ
10000Ώ
= √0.0004
T = 0.02

Page No :80
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Turns Ratio
n = Nsec = Vsec = I pri = Z sec

Npri Vpri I sec Z pri
Current Ratio
Secondary Current = I sec
Primary Current I pri

Page No :81
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Three Phase Transformer

Page No :82
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THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

 3 interconnected single phase transformer with their windings
combined on a single magnetic circuit

Page No :83
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Transformer
 If connecting 3 single-phase
transformer, must ensure each
transformer has the same turns
ratio ‘n’ to achieve a balanced
three-phase system.
 Four combination for three

phase transformer:
- Star-star
- Delta-delta
- Delta-star
- Star-delta
CONFIGURATION OF THREE PHASE
TRANSFORMER

Page No :84
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Transformer
Star - Star transformer power
Power = √3 VL IL Cos θ watts
STAR - STAR THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Page No :85
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Transformer
Delta - Delta transformer power
Power = √3 VL IL Cos θ watts
DELTA-DELTA THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Page No :86
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Transformer
 The STAR-DELTA transformer has a √3 : 1 step down ratio in addition to the

effect of the turns ratio.
STAR-DELTA THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Page No :87
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Transformer
 The DELTA-STAR transformer has a 1 : √3 step up ratio in addition to the

effect of the turns ratio.
DELTA-STAR THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Page No :88
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‘n’ based on
phase voltage
Delta – Star
VLS = n√3 VLp
Star – Delta
VLS = n VLp
Star - Star & Delta – Delta
VLS = n VLp
√3
Page No :89
Issue No : 01
EXERCISES – 3 Phase Transformer

(1) A Wye-Wye connection of a 3 phase transformer has turns ratio of 4 and
secondary windings connected to a 2240 V AC line voltage. Determine :
a- Line voltage of primary windings

b- Phase voltage of primary windings
c- Phase voltage of secondary windings
(2) In a 3 phase Delta-Star transformer, its secondary winding has 500 turns
meanwhile its primary windings has 1000 turns. If the input Line voltage is
250 VAC, calculate the followings :
a - Turns ratio
b - Output Line voltage

Page No :90
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EXERCISES – 3 Phase Transformer (cont’d)

(3) A Wye-Delta connected 3 phase transformer has a turns ratio of 2:1, has
secondary windings connected to 13400 VAC line voltage. Determine :
a- Phase voltage of secondary windings

b- Phase voltage of primary windings
c- Line voltage of primary windings
(4) A transformer is wound with 100 turns on the primary and 450 turns on
the secondary. The primary is connected to a 250 volts AC supply. Find the
output line voltage if the transformer is connected to Delta/Delta connection.

Page No :91
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Transformer
Additional info: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/transformer-basics.html

Page No :92
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THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION

Page No :93
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03 Transformer

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

1. When switch is opened, there 2. As switch is closed, current

3. Current steady. Flux steady. 4. As switch opens current falls.

No induction. Magnetic flux changing back

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

6. By connecting AC supply to coil A, the magnetic flux keep changing thus

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

When two coils are placed close to each other, a

Mutual inductance is established by the inductance

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Iron cores are used for low frequencies transformers and

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

THE BASIC TRANSFORMER

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

With the turns ratio, the secondary voltage can be determined

The ratio of Vs to Vp or Ns to Np is known as the

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Transformer Turns Ratio

Turn ratio is 10, mean this is Step Up Transformer

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Turn ratio is 1/ 10, means this is Step Down Transformer

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Video : Working of Transformer

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

ratio is greater than 1

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A transformer in which the secondary voltage is less

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CURRENT AND POWER

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

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– If the voltage is stepped up in the secondary, the current is stepped down

– If the voltage is stepped down in the secondary, the current is stepped up

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

Voltage and Current in Step Up and Step Down Transformer

Primary Power (Pp) = Secondary Power (Ps)

n = Nsec = Vsec = I pri

Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

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Revision : Original Subject Code AAB10403/AKD10203

(a) Iron losses

(b) Copper losses

(c) Stray Flux/ Flux leakage