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SDH Principle-20080528-A
SDH Principle-20080528-A
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Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
It defines a standard frame structure, a specific
multiplexing method, and so on.
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Advantages of SDH
Interfaces
PDH electrical interfaces
SDH electrical interface
s
Only 3 regional standards
: European (2.048 Mb/s), Universal standards
Japanese, North American SDH optical interfaces
(1.544 Mb/s)
Can be connected to diff
PDH optical interfaces erent vendors’ optical
No standards, manufacture transmission equipments.
rs develop at their will.
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Disadvantages of PDH
Multiplexing methods: Level by level
34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s
Demultiplexers Multiplexers
2 Mb/s
More equipment to achieve this functionality
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission More equipment More floor space
Headache for network planners More power More costs
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Advantages of SDH
Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved
Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from
STM-1
A STM-1 B
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64)
A A A
STM-1
B …
B B B 4:1 STM-4
C
STM-1
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and
D
STM-1
flexible mapping structure
D D --- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
What about PDH? SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities
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Advantages of SDH
OAM function
PDH
SDH
Abundant overheads byt
In the frame structure
es for OAM
of PDH signals, there a
re few overhead bytes u Remote & Centralized M
sed for OAM. anagement
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Advantages of SDH
Compatibility
STM-N
STM-N Transmit Receive
Processing Processing
SDH Network
Container Container
Pack Unpack
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Comparison between SDH and PDH
Low bandwidth utilization ratio
In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signal
s.
In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signal
s.
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Contents
1. SDH Overview
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SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:
123456789
frame: STM-1)
3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits) 9 rows
4. Transmission mode: Byte by
byte, row by row, from left to
right, from top to bottom
270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000
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SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
Three parts:
RSOH
SOH
123456789
AU-PTR Information
9 rows
AU-Pointer Payload
MSOH
Information
Payload 9
270 Columns
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SDH Frame Structure
Information Payload
√ Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
√ Used to transport low speed tributary signals
√ Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
√ Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
HPOH
AU-PTR
9 rows Payload low rate signal
MSOH package
LPOH, TU-PTR
9 1 Data
package
270 Columns
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SDH Frame Structure
Section
Section Overhead
Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM
Types of Section Overhead
RSOH
123
Payload section
MSOH Location:
1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
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SDH Frame Structure
AU-PTR
Function: RSOH
Indicates the first byte of VC4
4 AU-PTR Information
Location: 9 rows
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9 Payload
MSOH
J1
270 Columns
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SDH Multiplexing Features
SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)
PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP STM-N)
Go to glossary
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SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal
×3
Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2
Go to glossary
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal
×3
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From 140Mb/s to STM-N
C4 VC4
1
1
H
140M Rate adaptation Add HPOH P Next
O
H
9 Mapping 9
1 260 261
1
125 μs 125μs
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From 140Mb/s to STM-N
AUG-1 1 STM-1 270
10 270
RSOH
Info
Add AU-PTR AU-4 Add AU-PTR Payload
AU-PTR X1
SOH
MSOH
9
Aligning Multiplexing
AUG-N 1 STM-N 270N
RSOH
Info
One STM-1 frame can load only Add Payload
AU-PTR
one 140Mbit/s Signal SOH
MSOH
9
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From 34Mb/s to STM-N
C3 VC3
1 1
L
34M Rate Add LPOH P
Adaptation Next
O
H
9 9
84 Mapping 85
1 1
125μs 125μs
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From 34Mb/s to STM-N
TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4
1 86 1 86 1 3 261
1 1 1
H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3 H
Fill P
1st ×3
gap R R
align O
R
H
9 9 9
Aligning Multiplexing Same
procedure
as 140M
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From 2Mb/s to STM-N
VC12 TU12
C12
1 4 1 LPOH 4 1 4
1 1 1
9 9 9
125μs Aligning
Mapping TU-PTR
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From 2Mb/s to STM-N
TUG-2 TUG-3
1 12 1 86
1 1
R R
X3 X7
9 9
Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
procedure
as 34M
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Questions
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Contents
1. SDH Overview
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Overheads
Overheads
Section Path
Overhead Overhead
(SOH) (POH)
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Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X J1
2
RSOH
3 B1 ● ● E1 ● F1 X X B3
HPOH: VC-3/4
4 D1 ● ● D2 ● D3 C2
5
AU-PTR G1
6
MSOH
7 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 F2
8 D4 D5 D6 H4
9
D7 D8 D9 F3
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A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
Bytes are unscrambled
A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
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A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame
N over 625μs
Find (5 frames)
A1,A2
OOF
Y
over 3ms
LOF
Next AIS
process
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D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)
MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE NE NE NE
DCC channel
TMN OAM Information: Operation, Administration and
maintenance
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E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
E1 – RS Orderwire Byte Used between regenerators
E2 – MS Orderwire Byte Used between multiplexers
NE NE NE NE
E1 and E2
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B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity)
Used to check the transmission errors over the RS
B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Tx Rx
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
A3 10101010 1#STM-N Calculate BB 2#STM-N
BIP-8 A4 00001111
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B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS
B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)
The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
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M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors
Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors
Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic
Tx Rx
Generat Return
e M1 Find B2 bit
MS- errors
FEBBE Generate MS-
MS-REI BBE
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K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes
Automatic
Protection
Switching (APS)
bytes I
I I
I
S WTR
S P WTR
P P P
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K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte
Start
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111“
Generate MS-AIS alarm
Detect
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110" 110
K2 (b6-b8)
Generate MS-RDI alarm
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
Return
MS-RDI
MS-RDI
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S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
b1 ~ b4 Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM)
b5 ~ b8 Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync (DNU).
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Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
2 R S O H B3
Path BIP-8
3 C2
Path Signal Label
4 A U–P T R Path Status
G1
5 Path User Channel
F2
6 TU Multiframe Indication
7 M S O H H4
Path User Channel
F3
8 AP Switching
9 K3 Network Operator
N1
Higher Order Path Overhead
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J1 Byte
Path trace byte
Detect J1
The first byte of VC-4
User-programmable (HUAWEI
SBS)
N Y
Match
The received J1 should match the
expected J1
Next
HP-TIM process
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B3 Byte
Path bit parity
Even parity code
Verify B3
Used to detect bit errors
Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
N Y
Correct
HP-BBE Next
process
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C2 Byte
Detect C2
Signal label byte
The received C2 should mat
ch with the expected C2 N Y
00H
Specifies the mapping type
Y N
in the VC-n Match HP-UNEQ
00 H Unequipped
02 H TUG structure Next HP-SLM
process
13 H ATM mapping
Insert AIS
downward
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Path Overheads
V5 Low Order Path Overhead
Indicated by TU-PTR
1 4
Error checking, Signal Label 1 V5 J2 N2 K4
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Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer Unit Pointer AU-PTR VC-4 J1
(AU-PTR) (TU-PTR) TU-PTR VC-3 J1
VC-12 V5
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AU-PTR
1
Negative Positive
RSOH
justification justification
4
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 125μs
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521
1 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250μs
1 9 270
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TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500μs
1 4
1
H1
H2
TU POINTERS
H3
VC- VC- VC- VC-
VC3
12 12 12 12
V V V V
1 TU2POINTERS 3 4
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Questions
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Summary
SDH Overview
Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
Overheads & Pointers
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Thank you
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