CHANGES

THAT
MATERIALS
UNDERGO
How do you send a
secret message to
someone?
 START UP
Materials:
Piece of paper calamansi juice
Cotton buds water bowls

Procedures:
1. Dissolve the juice of calamansi in a small amount of
water and dip the cotton buds into it.
2. Then, use the cotton buds to write the message on a
white coupon bond. When it dries, what you wrote
will become invisible.
3. If you want to read the message, hold the paper close
to a lighted bulb. You will be amazed at what you will
see.
How was the message
revealed?
 THE REASON WHY
The calamansi juice contains compounds
of carbon. These compounds are nearly
colorless when they are dissolved in water.
But when heated, the carbon compound
break down, and react by changing color.
 Matter undergoes two kinds of
changes: physical change and
chemical change. When the
calamansi was cut in half, it
underwent physical change; but
when the dried juice of calamansi
was heated, it underwent chemical
change.
Physical Change
When do you know that there is chemical change,
and not physical change?

When no new substance is formed, the resulting

change is physical. For example, when you chop
wood, the products are small pieces of wood, but the
pieces are still wood. Or when you break glass, the
pieces that multiplied are still glass materials, though
they are broken into tiny pieces.
This is similar to the condition when ice melts or
when water is vaporized. Both cases exhibit
physical change. When ice melts, its shape
changes, but the water that made up the ice is the
same substance as the water that forms after
melting. Same as when water turns into steam or
water vapor, there is change in shape and volume
of water, but the water substance remains the same.
Freezing. melting, boiling, evaporation, and condensation are
processes that make materials change from one physical state to
another.

Changes in the physical properties of materials caused by

breaking, dissolving melting, vaporizing or freezing are
examples of physical change.
PHYSICAL CHANGE
Any change that alters the form or
appearance of substance but does not
convert the substance into another
substance.
 LESSON 2: ACTIVITY 1
STRETCHING PAPER
Stretching is one way to apply physical change in matter. You can stretch rubber, garter, or
plastic. But can you stretch paper? Find out.

MATERIALS:
A large index card scissors
PROCEDURES
1. Fold the index card in the middle.
2……….

CONCLUSION
I have learned that ___________________________________________________
SHARE your CONCLUSION to the
CLASS!
 Chemical Change
Any change that occurs by forming one
or more substances when a substance
changes composition.
The only true indication of a chemical change is that a
new substance has been formed. Chemical changes
occur when food is cooked, when fruits ripen, when the
food you eat is digested, or when there is obvious
change in the properties of the material resulting into a
new substance. In many cases, you may miss the clue
for chemical change. But there are sure ways by which
you can tell that chemical change has taken place.
Below are some evidences that a chemical change may have occurred. If you observe
any two or more of these, you are most likely observing a chemical change.

1. CHANGE IN COLOR - When fruit ripens, when green

leaves dry up, or when metals tarnish, the change in color is
often an indication of a chemical change. However, some
changes in color may be indication also of physical change. Like
for example, when you dye clothes or when you dissolve dye in
water, the dyes may have changed the color of the cloths, but the
composition of the cloths remains the same.
2. PRODUCTION OF AN UNUSUAL ODOR. Some
chemical changes produce new smel. You may notice the
unusual odor in the air after a thunderstorm. The odor indicates
that the lightning has caused a chemical change in the air. The
smell of a rotten egg is another example. Likewise, foul smell of
decaying garbage will make you cover your nose.
3. CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE- Chemical changes are
often accompanied with change in energy. You may notice the
change in temperature when you mix baking soda and vinegar
outside its container. Likewise, when you feel excessive heat
from a burning material, chemical change is evident.
4. FORMATION OF BUBBLES OR GAS- The
formation of gas bubbles or gas is another indication that
chemical change may have occurred. Notice the bubbles
that appear on the surface of spoiled food.
5. FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE - Sometimes when two
liquids are combined, the resulting mixture produces a solid
called precipitate. For example, when you combine vinegar and
milk, you will notice that the milk will form some solid curds
 Chemical Change
Any change that occurs by forming one
or more substances when a substance
changes composition.
 LESSON 2: Activity 2
Chemical Change in Milk
Observe the chemical changes that will happen in the following activity.
You Need
1 small can of milk a small pan alcohol lamp
1 teaspoon of vinegar a small clean jar
PROCEDURES:
1. Heat the milk in the pan until the ;iquid forms lumps.
2. …………
CONCLUSIONS:
I have learned that ________________________________________
SHARE your CONCLUSION to the
CLASS!
What chemical change happened?

When the vinegar and milk interact, the

milk separates into liquid and solid made of
fats, minerals, and protein casein. The
protein casein is made up of very long
molecules that bend like rubber when they
harden.
 REACTIVITY OF
MATTER
In some instances when two substances get together, something
happens. Reactivity
refers to how readily or how easily a substance can combine with
other substances.
Some substances are reactive to oxygen or to acids .
A. REACTIVITY TO OXYGEN
Flammability is a chemical property that describes whether a
substance will react to the presence of oxygen and burn when
exposed to a flame. Materials that react to oxygen and burn
easily are called flammable materials; whereas materials
that do not burn easily are called nonflammable materials.
For example, gasoline and petroleum are flammable materials;
aluminum foil and leather are nonflammable materials.
Combustibility is another term that describes how easily a
substance can catch fire. It is almost synonymous with the word
flammability.
Flammable and combustible liquids do not burn just by
themselves. There are factors that are needed for combustion to
take place-
a. the fuel or any substance that can burn
b. oxygen
C. heat or the energy, usually a spark, needed to start the burning
reaction.

To control fire, there is a need to remove any one of the factors

that can create combustion.
Combustibility is an important property to consider when
choosing construction materials. Substances with low
combustibility may be selected for the construction of buildings,
house, and offices to reduce the chances of fire accidents.

Flammable and combustible materials are mostly present in our

homes, in school, or in workplaces. Solvents, thinners, cleaners,
adhesives, paints, waxes, and polishes are ( LLT combustible
or flammable liquids. Everyone who works on these liquids
must be aware of their hazards, and should know how to work
safely with them.
Some metal substances, like iron, also show reactivity to
oxygen. When exposed for a long time, iron reacts to oxygen in
the air and forms rust.
Have you ever experienced cutting fruits and vegetables and
leaving them out on the table for some time?

After a while, the cut portions turn brown because of the

reaction of these foods to oxygen in the air.
B. REACTIVITY TO ACIDS

Substances also react to acids. There are weak acids, like lemon
juice and vinegar- these acids are harmless. Then, there are also
strong acids, like the hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid which are
classified as harmful substances.

Metals can react to acids. This reaction is called corrosion. Soak a

piece of iron into strong acid and leave it for some time. You will
notice a change in the part of the iron that has been immersed into
the acid.
 POINTERS
1. Matter
-States of Matter (solid,liquid,gas)
2. Properties of Matter (Mass, volume, density, color, size, shape
,weight, texture, odor, mass, temperature)
- Special Characteristics of Matter
3. Changes that Materials Undergo
-Phase Changes
-Physical Change, Chemical Change
-Climate Change as Part of Chemical Change (basics)
 Lesson 2: ACTIVITY 3
REACTIVITY OF FOOD SUBSTANCES
Find out more about the reactivity of substances in the following activity.

You Need
different kinds of fruits or vegetables (like banana, mango, potato, turnip, banana blossom, bamboo shoots)
vinegar or calamansi
What To Do
A. Test the reactivity of some fruits and vegetables to oxygen.
1. Slice a little piece of each fruit or vegetable.
2…….
DO
B. Test the reactivity of some fruits and vegetables to acids.
1. Slice a little piece of each fruit or vegetable.
2. …..

CONCLUSION:
I have learned that________________________________________________________________________
SHARE your CONCLUSION to the
CLASS!
 LESSON 2: Activity 4
Chemical Change in Matter
Observe the changes that happen when matter undergoes chemical change.

You Need

baking soda clear plastic cup or glass

vinegar a spoon

What To Do
1. Place a spoonful of baking soda into a clear plastic cup.
2. ……….

CONCLUSION:
I have learned that____________________________________________________
SHARE your CONCLUSION to the
CLASS!