GROUTING

INTRODUCTION
Grouting is a process of strengthening weak rocks and unconsolidated soil at project site.
Grouting plays an important role in arresting leakage of water through fractured rock or
porous material of dam foundation or reservoir basins.
In a dam foundation different type of grouting are generally taken up to strengthen weak
rocks and to control leakage. It is method of sealing, fracture opening and pore spaces in
rock and unconsolidated deposits by injecting a mixture of water with cement and other
suitable substances.
The term grouting has been defined as a process of injected under pressure a slurry of fluid
grout i.e., cement water mixture or other suitable materials within the mass of deflecting rock
formation through borehole to fissures & cracks are filled up to stop any seepage. Other
than above the purpose of grouting is to enhance the bearing capacity of rocks. Grouting is
widely applied in the treatment of defectives features like joints, fissures, cracks, fault zone,
shear zones and also weakness in folding. It is to enhance the strength & also to reduce
seepage below foundation of dams, bridges, power houses and other engineering
structures.
 The relations of type of grouting to different rock
types & rock structures are as follow:

●The rock types & rock structure of a site of engineering structure influence the
grouting condition.
●Igneous and Metamorphic rocks are commonly massive in nature but they
possess several sets of joints & other structural defect due to faults and folds.
The volume of grouts depends on the leakage present in igneous and metamorphic rock s.
The contact or interface planes between several types of rocks are considered as
weakness in the rock masses.
In comparison to other types of rock sedimentary rocks are having structural discontinuity.
These can be permeability to different discontinuity in rock mass.Several admixtures in
various percentages are used to cement grouts. They act as accelerators for e.g.: CaCl2
(Calcium Chloride) prevents sulphate attacks and alkali silicate reaction.
Ratio of water to cement in a grout mixture influence viscosity, permeability & setting time.
Depending upon the ratio of water to cement which varies from 1:1 to 1:10, the grout can be
apply to different type of fractures in the rock mass.
Other than cememt grout, chemical grout are also used like sodium silicate solution mixed
with calcium chloride. The grouting should be done in the foundation of the dam before the
construction of the dam. Hence to decide what and which type of grouting is to be used
through geological investigation is needed. The following geological features are to be
studies above i.e. litholog of boreholes, surface topography i.e. geomorphology, any
presence of aquifer in the formation of dam, types of rocks and presence of alongrith
orientation of fault plane below the foundation of dam. If this site is found totally unsuitable
Types Of Grouting:

Based on materials, grouts are classified as follows:

I. Cement Grouting
II. Chemical Grouting
III. Resins Grouting
IV. Bentonite Grouting
V. Bituminous Grouting
Grouting Methods

1. Permeation Grouting
2. Displacement Grouting
3. Displacement-Soil Fracture Grouting
4. Jet or Replacement-Displacement Grouting
5. Rock-Fissure Grouting
6. Tube-a-Manchettes(TAM) Grouting
CONCLUSION