A project presentation on

Grid-Connected Wind-Photovoltaic Cogeneration Using

Back-to-Back Voltage Source Converters

Submitted by
IV B.Tech II Semester

P.Thulasi prasad 17P15A0225

G.Indu 17P11A0203
K. Muni Tirumalesh 17P11A0207
P.Pothulaiah 17P15A0224

Under The Esteemed Guidance of

Mr M C V SURESH, M.Tech.,(Ph.D)
Assistant professor,Dept.of EEE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CHADALAWADA RAMANAMMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
(Autonomous)
Chadalawada nagar,Renigunta Road, Tirupati,Andhara Pradesh- 517506
ABSTRACT

 In this project a new method which is simple and efficient is proposed for a grid-connected wind-
photovoltaic (PV) cogeneration system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator-based full
scale wind turbine is interfaced to the utility-grid via back-to-back (BtB) voltage-source converters
(VSCs). A PV solar generator is directly connected to the dc-link capacitor of the BtB VSCs. No
dc/dc conversion stages are required, and hence the system efficiency is maximized. The proposed
topology features an independent maximum power point tracking for both the wind and the PV
generators to maximize the extraction of the renewable energy. The regulation of the VSCs is
achieved via the vector control scheme in the rotating reference frame. The detailed small signal
models for the system components are developed to investigate the overall stability. The influence
of the utility-grid faults on the performance of the proposed system is also evaluated. Nonlinear
time-domain simulation results under different operating conditions are presented to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed topology.
CONTENTS
 OBJECTIVE
 LITERATURE SURVEY
 INTRODUCTION
 EXISTING METHOD
 DRAW BACKS
 PROPOSED METHOD
 ADVANTAGES
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
OBJECTIVE

To develop a simple, efficient and economical model of grid connected wind , PV

cogeneration system.
LITERATURE SURVEY

 F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, are proposed The global electrical energy
consumption is rising and there is a steady increase of the demand on the power
capacity, efficient production, distribution and utilization of energy. The traditional
power systems are changing globally, a large number of dispersed generation (DG)
units, including both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources such as wind turbines,
photovoltaic (PV) generators, fuel cells, small hydro, wave generators, and gas/steam
powered combined heat and power stations, are being integrated into power systems at
the distribution level. Power electronics, the technology of efficiently processing electric
power, play an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for good
efficiency and high performance of the power systems. This paper reviews the
applications of power electronics in the integration of DG units, in particular, wind
power, fuel cells and PV generators.
 L. Nousiainen, J. Puukko, A. Maki, T. Messo, J. Huusari, J. Jokipii. J.
Viinamaki, D. Lobera, S. Valkealahti, and T. Suntio, are proposed A
photovoltaic (PV) generator is internally a power-limited nonlinear current source
having both constant-current- and constant-voltage-like properties depending on the
operating point. This paper investigates the dynamic properties of a PV generator
and demonstrates that it has a profound effect on the operation of the interfacing
converter. The most important properties an input source should have in order to
emulate a real PV generator are defined. These properties are important, since a
power electronic substitute is often used in the validation process instead of a real
PV generator. This paper also qualifies two commercial solar array simulators as an
example in terms of the defined properties. Investigations are based on extensive
practical measurements of real PV generators and the two commercial solar array
simulators interfaced with dc-dc as well as three- and single-phase dc-ac
converters.
 Nicholas Strachan, and D. Jovcic, are proposed The operation of high-power wind
generators with weakened ac grids has historically been difficult because of stability and
power quality issues. This paper presents an analytical stability study of a variable-speed
directly-driven permanently-excited 2-MW wind generator connected to ac grids of
widely varying strength and very weak grids. The generator includes two back-to-back
full-scale vector controlled 3-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) voltage-source-
converters (VSC). A 47th order small-signal analytical wind generator model is
developed within Matlab, and a summary of the model structure and controls is given.
Model verification is demonstrated for fast and slow system variables employing
detailed simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC. An eigenvalue stability study for weak
ac networks is presented, and qualitative conclusions about inherent system dynamics
and stability characteristics are given. These insights are employed to study the design of
an ac voltage controller for weak ac networks. Two alternative controller designs are
studied for their potential to enhance system robustness to changes in ac grid strength.
Testing on the detailed simulator PSCAD/EMTDC is employed throughout to confirm
conclusions from analytical studies.
 P. Mitra, L. Zhang, and L. Harnefors are proposed the application of a recently
invented power-synchronization control is proposed for integrating a doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG)-based offshore wind farm to a weak ac grid through a
voltage-source converter (VSC)-based high-voltage dc link. The control strategy, along
with the anti wind up techniques and the bumpless transfer between two different
control modes, is elaborately discussed. Two different fault cases, namely, onshore and
offshore faults are considered and the fault-ride through techniques are presented. In
case of the onshore fault, both with-chopper and without-chopper solutions are
investigated. For an offshore fault, a coordinated fault-ride through scheme is proposed
when the offshore HVDC converter and the wind farm are in voltage-control modes.
The entire study is carried out in a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) platform.
 INTRODUCTION

 The cost of the wind and solar energy generation has been rapidly falling since the last
decade. Driven by their economic and technical incentives, the global installed capacity
of photovoltaic (PV) and wind generators has approached 303 Giga watt (GW) and 487
GW in 2016, as compared to 6 GW and 74 GW in 2006, respectively . Due to the
intermittent and unregulated nature of the wind and solar energy, power-electronic
converters are utilized as an interfacing stage to the load-side or the utility-grid, and
hence distributed generation units are created . In literature, most of the distributed
generation systems are solely dedicated for one form of renewable resources, e.g., a
solar energy as in or a wind energy as in . In order to maximize the benefits of the
available renewable resources, the combination of the wind and solar energy in the same
vicinity has been considered . The cogeneration of the wind and solar energy has the
following characteristics;
 The availability of the wind and solar energy is generally complementary, and hence
combining both forms of energy increases the overall operational efficiency .
 The combination of the wind and solar co-generators optimizes the utilization of lands
resources, and hence improves the capital investment as compared to the static PV
generators, the wind-solar cogeneration systems are more dynamically capable to
support the utility-grid due to the available moment of inertia in the mechanical system
of the wind generators having two sources of energy increases the generation reliability .
 The grid-connected wind-PV cogeneration systems are not widely addressed . On the
contrary, several wind-PV cogeneration systems are proposed for the standalone off-grid
application a standalone wind-PV cogeneration system is proposed in .
EXISTING METHOD

 The combination of the grid-connected wind-PV systems has been presented. The
system comprises a Back to Back VSCs to interface the PV and wind generators to the
utility-grid. On the machine-side- VSC, the dc-link voltage is regulated to the maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) value of the PV panels by an outer loop proportional-and-
integral (PI) dc voltage controller. The reference values of the machine-side currents are
calculated using the synchronous detection method, and a hysteresis current controller is
utilized for the regulation. On the grid-side-VSC, a hysteresis grid-current controller is
used to inject the total currents into the utility-grid .
DRAWBACKS

 The MPPT of either the PV and wind power involves the operation of both VSCs, which
in some cases might decreases the system reliability and increases the losses.
 If the wind velocity is lower than the cut-off speed of the wind turbine, i.e., no wind
power, the machine-side VSC may be unable to track the solar PV MPPT dc-link
voltage.
 The currents of the machine and grid-side converters are regulated using hysteresis
controllers resulting in a variable switching frequency and higher harmonic contents
PROPOSED METHOD

 This paper has presented the wind-PV cogeneration systems using vector-
controlled grid-connected BtB VSCs. The VSR at the wind generator-side is
responsible for extracting the maximum wind power following the wind speed
variations. On the utility-grid side, the roles of the VSI are to extract the
maximum PV power from the PV generator, achieve the balance between the
input-output powers across the dc-link capacitor, and to maintain a unity PCC
voltage under different modes of operation. A small-signal stability analysis has
been conducted for the entire system.
ADVANTAGES

 The increased reliability and efficiency due to the combined wind and PV generators.
 The independent MPPT extraction as the VSR and VSI are solely responsible for
extracting the wind and PV powers, respectively.
 The regulation of the dc-link voltage under all operating conditions is maintained by the
VSI and hence a better damped performance is yielded.
 Simple system structure and controllers design.
 Fault-ride through can be achieved using existing protection schemes.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 1. The proposed wind-PV cogeneration system.

RESULTS :

1500
lightly damped
highly damped
exponenetial

1480

1460
Vdc (V)

1440

1420

1400

1380
0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1
time(s)

Fig.2 The step response of the dc-link voltage to verify the developed small signal model
 WIND SOLAR REFERENCES:
 Wind and solar both:
solar irradiance level-------------
Wind speed --------------

-----Time(sec)-----

Fig.3 Wind speed and solar irradiance level

 WIND AND SOLAR BOTH
--------Speed(pu)---

--------Time(sec)----

Fig. 4a. PMSG speed with respective time

-----------------→power (mega watts)

---------------------------------------→Time(sec)

Fig.4b Wind power in MW with respective time Fig.4c. PV Power in MW with respective time
----- Grid current in kA --------------

------Time (sec)--------
Fig. 4d. Grid current in kA with respective time
-----------------→Modulation

---------------------------------------------→Time(sec)

Fig.4e. VSR modulation Fig.4f. VSI modulation

WIND ONLY
---------------------→ Vdc (pu)

---------------------→Time(sec)

Fig.5. Vdc voltage with respective time

--------------→Power (MW)

Fig
--------------→Time(sec)

Fig.5b. wind power in MW

 SOLAR ONLY :
------------------ Speed(pu)

------------------→Time(sec)
Fig.6a. PMSG speed
-------------→ Power (MW)

-------------→Time(sec)

Fig. 6b. Solar Power in MW

 3PHASE TO GROUND FAULT

4
x 10
1
1.0 PU
0.8 0.5 PU

0.6

0.4

0.2
Iga (A)

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
time(s)

Fig.9. 3phase to ground fault without protection Fig.9. 3phase to ground fault with protection
SINGLE PHASE FAULT WITH AND WITHOUT PROTECTION

1800
NO PROTECTION
1700 WITH PROTECTION

1600

1500
V dc (V )

1400

1300

1200
 Fig -11:
1100

1000
3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
time(s)

Fig.5b. wind power in watts with respective

time
CONCLUSION

This paper has presented the wind-PV cogeneration systems using vector-controlled grid-
connected BtB VSCs. The VSR at the wind generator-side is responsible for extracting
the maximum wind power following the wind speed variations. On the utility-grid side,
the roles of the VSI are to extract the maximum PV power from the PV generator,
achieve the balance between the input-output powers across the dc-link capacitor, and to
maintain a unity PCC voltage under different modes of operation. A small-signal stability
analysis has been conducted for the entire system. The proposed system has the
following advantages;
1) the increased reliability and efficiency due to the combined wind and PV generators.
2) the independent MPPT extraction as the VSR and VSI are solely responsible for
extracting the wind and PV powers, respectively.
3) the regulation of the dc-link voltage under all operating conditions is maintained by
the VSI and hence a better damped performance is yielded.
4) simple system structure and controllers design.
5) fault-ride through can be achieved using existing protection schemes. A well-damped
performance has been presented using time-domain simulations results under the
Matlab/Simulink® environment.
REFERENCES

 Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, “Advancing the global
renewable energy transition,” REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France, 2017 [Available
Online].
 F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, “Power electronics as efficient interface in
dispersed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 5,
pp. 1184-1194, 2004.
 J. Carrasco et al., "Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable
energy sources-a survey," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1002-1016,
2006.
 A. Yazdani and P. P. Dash, "A control methodology and characterization of
dynamics for a photovoltaic (PV) system interfaced with a distribution network,"
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1538-1551, 2009.
 L. Nousiainen, J. Puukko, A. Maki, T. Messo, J. Huusari, J. Jokipii. J. Viinamaki,
D. Lobera, S. Valkealahti, and T. Suntio, “Photovoltaic generator as an input source
for power electronic converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 6, pp.
3028-3038, 2013.
Thank you