HISTORICAL

FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION
  Life was very simple.
 Their means of livelihood were hunting and
gathering wild fruits and vegetables.
 They lived in crude huts.
PRIMITIVE  Organization was tribal and usually headed
EDUCATION by the oldest or wisest among members .
 There was no reading or writing.
 Information was transmitted through word
of mouth, songs, gestures, ceremonial rites
and the like.
 1. Security and survival from dangers
that could be inflicted by the following:
 natural phenomena ( typhoons, floods,
A. AIMS OF earthquake, fires, etc.)
PRIMITIVE  fierce, wild and poisonous animals and
EDUCATION reptiles( lions, tigers, snakes and rats)
 evil spirits
 hunger because of scarcity of food - other
tribes which were hostile to them
 2. Conformity – the interest of one
was sacrificed for the interest of the
group.
A. AIMS OF 3. Preservation and transmission of
PRIMITIVE traditions – the ways they were
EDUCATION doing things were the best and they
want to preserve it and be
transmitted to the incoming
generation.
  1. Vocational – like hunting,
constructing a hut
B. TYPES OF  2. Religious ( animistic) – learning
EDUCATION how to participate in ritualistic
practices to please or appease the
unseen spirits.
  1. Ways of procuring the basic
necessities in life and of protecting
C. CONTENT life from dangers
TO BE  2. Superstitions- how to worship
STUDIED before the dwelling of an unseen
spirit such as big tree, a big rock, a
river, a big bush, etc.
  1. Home- always the center of
learning especially for the young
D. AGENCIES
 2. Environment- for instance, if one
OF
EDUCATION happened to step on a thorn and got
hurt, he now became careful not to
step on thorn.
E. There was none. There was no
ORGANIZATI
ON OF
gradations in instruction; neither
GRADES were there organized classes.
 1. All instruction was done informally-
merely enculturation of characteristics,
skills, knowledge and attitudes upon
children.
F. METHOD 2. Observation and imitation from parents
OF
3. Simple telling and demonstration- this
INSTRUCTION is lecture demonstration nowadays
4. Participation- children participated in
the work of their parents and they
learned.
  There was no financing involved
since there was no teacher to pay, no
G. FINANCING learning materials to buy, and no
school to construct because
education was strictly informal.
 The primitive man started the
H.
OUTSTANDING rudiments of education from
CONTRIBUTION which evolved the modern
TO EDUCATION educational systems of today.
ANCIENT GREECE
SPARTAN EDUCATION
 1. Military- to make every citizen
invincible in war, possessing physical
perfection and complete obedience to the
state.
A. AIMS OF
PRIMITIVE 2. Discipline- to develop conformity and
obedience, courage, strength, cunning,
EDUCATION endurance and patriotic efficiency. To
produce an ideal Spartan citizen who was
capable of enduring hunger, thirst, torture
and even death.
  1. Physical education- to make the
Spartan strong especially in combat;
 2. Military education- all the skills
B. TYPES OF
in combat
EDUCATION
 3. Moral training- stealing was not a
crime but if caught, the thief was
severely punished;
  4. Very little intellectual training-
just enough to understand the laws
of Lycurgus and some Homeric
writings
B. TYPES OF  5. Music education- to arouse
EDUCATION
patriotism
 6. Gymnastic education- for the
girls to make them strong to bear
children.
  1. Intensive gymnastics and paramilitary
exercises
C. CONTENT  2. Practice in moral and social habits
TO BE such as controlling the appetite,
STUDIED modesty, obedience, and respect and
listening intently to elders
 3. Reading and writing
  4. Music with serious, moral and
martial rhythm to arouse patriotism
C. CONTENT
TO BE  5. Speech- how to converse with elders
STUDIED
 6. For girls, gymnastics
  1. At birth, weak children were disposed of,
abandoned, or exposed to the elements.
 2. At early age, children were taught habits of silence,
D.
obedience, respect and reverence towards elders and
ORGANIZATI bravery
ON OF GRADE  3. At age 7- 18,the boys lived in a barracks- like
LEVEL educational building
 4. At the age 18-20, the boys undertook professional
war training
  5. At 20- 30, all took an oath of allegiance and
dispersed to military posts for war maneuvers
D.
 6. At 30, man was full- pledged citizen, obliged
ORGANIZATI or compelled to marry
ON OF GRADE  7. The girls stayed at home but they were also
LEVEL organized into packs to develop group spirit,
courage and loyalty.
  1. Training- education was training, not school
instruction
 2. Participation- they learned by doing. There
were no books.
E. METHODS  3. Testing- not for memory but for moral life
OF and endurance.
INSTRUCTION  4. Discipline- there was corporal punishment
for moral delinquency and lack of alertness
 5. Motivation- enhanced by rivalry, emulation
of great men and great deeds and fear of public
disapproval
F. FINANCING
 All financing was shouldered by the State.
G.
 The most that we can emulate from the
OUTSTANDING
Spartans is military education as we now have
CONTRIBUTION in our schools and the
 development of patriotism and discipline.
EARLY ATHENIAN
EDUCATION
  1. Good citizenship
 2. Individual excellence- in wisdom,
A. AIMS OF beauty and strength for public
EDUCATION usefulness.
 3. Many- sided development- there was
freedom to develop all human capacities
  1.Civic training- desire to serve the state
 2. Moral training- emphasis on virtues of
Homeric heroes
 3. Physical education- to develop grace and
B. TYPES OF harmony of the body
EDUCATION  4. Intellectual education- needed in
participation in the Assembly and in discussions
in the market place.
 5. Art- music, poetry, and dancing
  1. Reading by the Alphabet method
 2. Writing on wax and tablets
 3. Arithmetic for market use
C. CONTENT  4. Homeric and other poems
TO BE  5. Music, lyre and flute playing
STUDIED  6. Gymnastic exercises
 7. Physical education exercises
 8. Military training subjects
  1. Private schools- first schools for boys
D. AGENCIES  2. Home- girls were taught at home by their
OF mothers and slave nursemaids
EDUCATION  3. State- education was supervised by the
State but education was not compulsory.  
  1. Birth to 7 years, children were taught at
home;
 2. From 7 to 16 years old, the boys went to two
E. schools: Didascaleum and Palaestra. The girls
ORGANIZATI stayed at home.
ON OF  3. At 16- 18, boys were already free from
GRADE literary and musical studies.
LEVEL  4. At 18, the boys took the Ephebic Oath, a
pledge of allegiance to the State. They spent 2
years in the military service. At 20, the boys
attained full citizenship.
  1. Imitation- of a living model
 2. Participation- there was a participation in
F. METHODS the learning process, learning is by doing.
OF  3. Discipline- corporal punishment was used
EDUCATION extensively.
 4. Human relations- there was no human
relation between the teacher and his pupils.
 It can be assumed that the
G.
FINANCING pupils paid tuition fees.
H.  Free development of all human
OUTSTANDING capacities and the Olympic Games.
CONTRIBUTION
LATER ATHENIAN
EDUCATION
  1. By the Sophists, pragmatic and utilitarian- to
prepare the individual for personal advancement, to
cultivate the individual’s public image and to develop
adeptness in the skills
 2. By Socrates, development of the power of
thinking- to enable humanity to arrive at
A. AIMS OF fundamental concepts or moral principles of the
universe and to establish that morality.
EDUCATION  3. By Plato, control by intellectual rulers- to produce
social order and to develop the individual’s natural
talents;
 4. By Aristotle, rational living- to direct society in the
way which effects the greatest good of mankind
whose goal is happiness.
  1. Moral training- the measure of truth was the
individual and he decides for himself what is true .
 2. Professional training- for public speaking 3.
Intellectual training- aim of Socrates and Plato
 4. Vocational training- for craftsmen and laborers
B. TYPES OF  5. Domestic training- for girls for housekeeping
purposes
EDUCATION  6. Physical, military and civic training
 7. Science and philosophy education- teaching of logic
 8. Aesthetic and cultural education- literature,
grammar, rhetoric, art and music.
 9. Sports and games- for enjoyment
  1. Lower elementary level- reading, writing,
arithmetic, poetry and gymnastics
 2. Higher elementary level- physical and
military exercises, grammar, rhetorics,
C. CONTENT declamation, argumentation and public
TO BE speaking.
STUDIED  3. Secondary schools- geometry, astronomy,
drawing and grammar
 4. Higher level- philosophy, mathematics and
science
 1. Palaestra- where gymnastics, sports and
games were taught.
2. Didascaleum- school for literature.
D. AGENCIES 3. Gymnasium- academic secondary school
OF 4. Two schools for higher learning were
EDUCATION developed after the fifth century:
a. rhetorical schools- prepared young men for
a public career
b. b. philosophical school
 1. Home education- from birth to age 7
2. Primary education- from age 7- 13 in
E. private schools
ORGANIZATIONAL 3. Secondary education- age 13- 16
GRADE LEVEL
4. Higher school- from 16 upward, the
children were taught in rhetorical and
philosophical schools
 1. Lecture and memorization- they lectured
everywhere. They advocated practical
F. METHOD wisdom and taught how to argue.
OF
2. Question and answer- also called Socratic
EDUCATION method. The dialectic or inductive way of
asking questions. It forces student to think.
 3. Developing the natural talents- advocated
by Plato. He believe that the man has three
traits: intellect, passion and appetite.
F. METHOD
OF 4. Achieving happiness- idea of Aristotle. To
him, an individual is able to achieve happiness
EDUCATION if his life is guided by reason. Moderation is
one of his important concepts to attain
happiness.
G. Teachers had to be paid and the students had
FINANCING to pay school fees.
 1.The Socratic method of teaching
H. 2. Realm of philosophy
OUTSTANDING 3. In the field of Mathematics-
CONTRIBUTION Euclidean geometry
4. Art and classical literature
ANCIENT ROME
EARLY ROMAN
EDUCATION
  1. Utilitarian- for practical purposes, to produce
men who would be active and efficient in daily
life;
 2. Moral- to produce citizen who knew how to
exercise their rights, fulfill their duties, and
A. AIMS OF obligations and acquire virtues.
EDUCATION  3. Military- to train men to be good soldiers and
conquerors in war
 4. Civic and political- to train men to be
participative and wise in politics.
 5. Religious- to train men to have reverence for
the gods.
 1.Physical and military training- for the training
of good soldiers
2. Civic training- to make men know their rights
and obligations to the state
B. TYPES OF 3. Moral training- for the development of moral
EDUCATION virtues
4. Religious training- children were trained in
religious ceremonies and usages
5. Vocational training- for livelihood
 1. Ballads and songs glorifying traits esteemed by the
Romans
2. The Laws of The Twelve Tables- define private and
public relationships and human and property rights.
C. CONTENT 3. Religious ceremonies and usages- among the gods
were: Jupiter, the Roman guardian; Juno, Jupiter’s
TO BE wife, the symbol of Roman womanhood; Janus, the
STUDIED twin-faced, god of beginnings and ends of
activities; Saturn, god of agriculture; Minerva,
goddess of husbandmen; Mars, god of war; Vulcan,
god of forge and industry; Venus, goddess of love;
Lares, spirit of ancestor; Penates, household spirit;
and Genius, spirit of the father of the home.
  4. Physical and military exercises
C. CONTENT  5. Domestic chores- taught by mothers
TO BE to their daughter
STUDIED  6. Vocations- crafts and skills learned by
males
 1.Home
2. Shop and farm- boys went with their fathers
to shops and farms to learn the trades of their
fathers.
D. AGENCIES 3. Military camp- place where the boys learned
OF the art of warfare like using the battle ax, lance
EDUCATION and chariot.
4. Forum- place where the boys learned the
science of politics and government
5. Private schools- the pupil had to pay for some
learning such as reading, writing and counting.
 1. Early learning for young children was in
the home.
2. Later the boys went with their fathers
E. to the shops or farms.
ORGANIZATION
3. The boys also went to the forum to
OF GRADE learn about public affairs.
LEVEL
4. AT 16, the boy became a citizen taking
on toga virilis of manhood.
5. He then entered military camp.
 1.Direct imitation- the boys imitated
their fathers and girls their mothers.
F. METHOD 2. Memorization- memorized the
OF Laws of the Twelve Tables, ballads
INTRUCTION and religious songs.
3. Discipline- there was corporal
punishment and even death.
  Learners did not pay any fees. But when
G. FINANCING they entered the private schools they had
to pay.
LATER ROMAN
EDUCATION
LATER ROMAN
EDUCATION
 1.Oratorical- for capability improvement
especially in public speaking, perfection in
A. AIMS OF public speaking and debate.
EDUCATION
2. Civic- to train the students for public
service.
 1.Speech training
B. TYPES OF 2. Civic training
EDUCATION 3. Literacy training
4. Vocational education
 1. In elementary includes rudiments of reading,
writing, calculation and arithmetic.
2. 2. In secondary school, grammar was the
chief study with literature, prose, poetry and
language. Geography, history, mythology
C. CONTENT and natural science were also studied.
TO BE 3. 3. In higher school, rhethorics was the chief
STUDIED study with declamation, extemporaneous
speaking, and debate.
4. 4. In the university, applied science and
professions such as law, medicine,
architecture and mechanics were in the
curriculum.
 1. School of litterator ( teacher of letters)- for
elementary level, attended by both boys and
girls.
2. School of grammaticus ( teacher of
D. AGENCIES grammar)- in secondary level attended by
OF boys only.
EDUCATION 3. School of the rhetor ( teacher of rhetoric)- in
the higher level.
4. Athenaeum- in the university level
developed as the center of learning around
the library.
 1. At age 7- 10, boys and girls entered the
litterator.
2. At age 10- 16, boys entered secondary level
E.
ORGANIZATION 3. At 16 or older, boys entered the school of the
rhetor for two to three years.
OF GRADE LVEL
4. Those who hurdled the school of the
rhetorwent to the Athenaeum for a
professional course.
 1. Memorization- used in elementary level. Class
sessions were from sunrise to sunset but no class
was held during summer and holidays were many.
Writing and reading were taught from dictation.
2. 2. Drill and writing exercises- in secondary level.
F. METHOD Intensive drill on grammatical elements like parts
OF of speech, syntax and pronunciation. Practice in
writing paragraphs, themes, compositions and
INTRUCTION poetic expressions.
3. 3. Public speaking practices- in third level. Public
speaking like declamations, eulogies, funeral
orations, exhortations and extemporaneous
speaking.
 1. Only the children of well- to- do families could
attend school
2. Classes were conducted in the homes of some
pupils or in some vacant public buildings.
3. Emperor Trajan provided scholarships for poor
students
G. FINANCING 4. Antonius Pius exempted teachers from paying
taxes and military service
5. Marcus Aurelius ordered the establishment of a
salary scale for teachers
6. Hadrian started paying pensions to retired
teachers
 1. Methods of organization, management
and administration
2. Organized body of civil law which
H. became the basis of the legal systems I
OUTSTANDING many countries including the
CONTRIBUTION Philippines
3. Among the Roman educational writers,
Cicero, Tacitus, and Quintilian stood
out.