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Resistors New
Resistors New
Electronic Components
Components are the basic building blocks of an electronic circuits.
Components
Passive Active
Vaccum tubes
Resistors Diodes
Capacitors Transistors
Inductors Integrated circuits
Passive Components
• These components by themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing signals.
• They are linear elements which control or modify the output of electronic circuits without playing
an active role in its performance.
• But without the use of these components we cannot design and implement any electronic
circuit.
Resistors are the materials which opposes the flow of electric current.
• Resistance of any material,
•Resistance value
Value of a resistor expressed in ohms (Ω)
• Tolerance
Percentage deviation from the rated value
•Voltage rating
Maximum voltage that can be applied across it, without causing damage to it.
Standard values of resistors
•When resistors are manufactured, certain preferred values are aimed at
•20% tolerance series, 10% tolerance series, 5% tolerance series, 1% tolerance series
•For resistors other than preferred values, series and parallel combinations are used
Standard values of resistors
Colour coding of resistors
•Carbon resistors are colour coded to indicate their resistance values
• Standardized by Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
•Colour bands are read from left to right
Voltage Dependent
Metal film resistors Potentiometer
Resistor
• Resistors, whose ohmic values remain fixed at a constant value, are known as fixed resistors.
• Common types
Carbon composition resistors
Carbon/metal film resistors
Wire-wound resistors
1. Carbon composition resistors
•These resistors do not need substrate since the stick itself is made of carbon
•They are made by mixing granules of carbon or graphite with a binding material (silica and
synthetic resin) to a doughy paste.
•Carbon content in the mixture determines the ohmic range and wattage
• These resistors are available in resistance values of 1Ω to 20 MΩ and power ratings of 1/10,
1/8 , ¼, ½, 1, 2 watts.
Advantages:
Applications:
Carbon composition resistors are used for all general purpose circuits
including entertainment (Radio, T.V).
2. Film Resistors
Consists of a film of a resistive material having low temperature co- efficient of resistivity deposited
on a ceramic or glass substrate of rectangular or cylindrical geometry
Depending on the thickness of the film we have thin film (< 5 μm) resistors and thick-film (> 5 μm)
resistors.
• Groves are made on the carbon film to get the precise values
• Available in wide range of resistor values, from very low values (< 1Ω) to many MΩ.
• Miniature size.
• Resistors commonly used in ICs.
• Used in high-voltage applications.
• Have good high-frequency properties.
• Low cost.
Disadvantages:
• Cannot withstand high temperatures.
• Cannot withstand mechanical shocks.
• Cannot withstand atmospheric moisture and humidity.
• Chemically reactive and hence unstable.
Applications:
These resistors are used in high frequency circuits and in circuits of computers, telephone
circuits and high fidelity amplifiers.
3. WIRE WOUND RESISTORS
•They have low ohmic range and high wattage ratings
•Wires used should have low temperature coefficient of resistance, resistive against corrosion,
oxidation and linear expansion and should be mechanically strong
•Commonly used materials are Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cu), Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni)
and Manganin (84%Cu, 12%Mn, 4%Ni)
•Resistance value and power rating are determined by the gauge of wire and number of turns
• Wire wound resistors are constructed from a long fine wire (usually nickel-chromium wire)
that is wound on a ceramic core or epoxy moulded tubes (insulating core).
• The winding is done in a manner which minimize the inductive and capacitive effects at
high frequencies (beyond 200 kHz).
• Precision wire wound resistors are wound on ceramic tubes and sometimes on epoxy moulded
tubes.
• These precision wire wound resistors are available up to 5 W with ½ % and 1% tolerances and
are useful upto 5 to 10 MHz.
Advantages:
• Wire wound resistors can be designed to produce very accurate resistance values, with very low tolerance (±
0.01%).
• Wire-wound resistors have very stable resistance values which do not change much with aging.
Disadvantages:
Applications:
• Variable resistors are resistors whose resistance value can be varied between zero and certain
maximum value.
• For example it is often necessary to change the volume of sound and brightness in T.V, volume
of sound and tone in radios and to regulate the speed of a fan. Such adjustments can be done
by using variable resistors.
• Variable resistor is a three terminal component. There is a movable contact on the
resistive element.
• The position of the movable contact determines the resistance value in the circuit.
• The smaller variable resistors commonly used in electronic circuits are known as pots.
• Variable resistors can be
General purpose type - can be wire-wound or carbon type
Precision type - always wire-wound type
•A mixture of carbon, resin and clay are made on a plastic base and deposited on to a bakelite
substrate in the form of a segmented circle called an annular ring
•A sliding contact of beryllium copper alloy, moving over the annular ring provides the desired
resistance variation
•3 lugs - 2 solder lugs form the end terminals and middle lug is connected to the variable arm
through a metal spring wiper
• As the shaft is rotated, the variable arm moves the wiper to make the contact at different points
• Its resistance range from 100Ω to 10MΩ.
Applications:
Used in electrical circuits and communication areas because of their low cost and high
frequency characteristics.
They are used in television for brightness and contrast control, in radio, for volume and
tone controls.
•For power rating of 3W or more and for uniform variation of resistance, wire-wound
potentiometers are used
•After winding the former with Nichrome wire, it is bent into a circular shape
•Former is housed in a polymer case, with a spindle which slides a wiper contact over the wire.
•Three terminals are provided – 2 fixed terminals and 1 variable terminal - The two outer terminals
are taken from the two ends of the wire and the middle terminal is taken from the rotating arm
• Resistance range from 0.1kΩ to 50kΩ and power rating is from 2W to 4W
• Wire wound potentiometer are of linear and non linear types.
• In the linear type, the former (the part over which resistance wire is wound) is of uniform height
and hence resistance varies linearly with the rotation of the contact.
• In a non-linear potentiometer the height of the former is not uniform and hence resistance
varies non linearly.
Applications
These are used in amplifiers, for controlling motor speed, high stabilized circuits, analog
computers, radio receivers.
2. Rheostats
•Some have fixed trappings and some have sliding contact by which resistance can be varied
•Formed by winding suitable wire over a ceramic former coated with enamel
•The sliding contact can move along a line which gives linear variation in resistance
•Rheostats are available with power rating from 10 to 100W, with- standing temperature up to 300◦C