Capacitors and Inductors

• Introduction
• Capacitors
• Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors

2
Introduction
• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates
energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy only and
they can neither generate nor dissipate energy.

3
Michael Faraday (1971-1867)

4
 Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

εA
C
d
   r 0
12
 0  8.854 10 (F/m)

5
 εA
C
d
• Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing,
the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the
greater the capacitance.

6
Clases de Capacitors

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

7
Variable Capacitors

Variable capacitors

8
Símbolo Capacitor

9
Esquemático Capacitor

10
Charge in Capacitors
• The relation between the charge in plates and the
voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q  Cv
q Linear
1F  1 C/V Nonlinear

11
Voltage Limit on a Capacitor
• Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage across
the capacitor is so large that the field intensity is
large enough to break down the insulation of the
dielectric, the capacitor is out of work. Hence,
every practical capacitor has a maximum limit on its
operating voltage.

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I-V Relation of Capacitor
dq dv
+ i q  Cv, i  C
C
dt dt
v

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 Physical Meaning +
dv i
iC C
dt v

-
• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant
voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as an
open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in its
voltage except an infinite current is applied.
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Voltage in Capacitor
• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
• The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.

Abrupt change
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 dv 1 t +
 v()  0 
i
iC v(t )   idt
dt C  v C

1 t
v(t )   idt  v(to)
C to
 v(to)  q(to) / C  -

• The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the memory
effect counts.

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Energy Storing in Capacitor
dv
p  vi  Cv
dt
t t dv v (t ) 1 2
w   pdt  C  v dt  C v (  ) vdv  Cv v (t )
v (  )
dt 2
1
w(t )  Cv (t )
2
( v( )  0) + i
2 C
v

q 2 (t )
w(t )  -
2C

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Model of Practical Capacitor

18
Example
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor
with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

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Example
Solution: q  Cv,
(a) Since
12
q  3  10  20  60pC

(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1 12
w  Cv   3  10  400  600pJ
2 2

20
Example
• The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t )  10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
• By definition, the current is
dv 6 d
iC  5  10 (10 cos 6000t )
dt dt
 5  10 6  6000 10 sin 6000t  0.3 sin 6000t A

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Example 6.3
• Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is
3000t
i (t )  6e mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution:v  1 t idt  v (0) and v(0)  0,
• Since C
0

1 t 3000 t 3  10 3000t t
3
v 6 0
6 e 3
dt  10  e
2  10  3000 0

3000t
 (1  e )V
22
Example 2
• Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor
whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.

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Example 3
Solution:
• The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3
v(t )  
 200  50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise

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Example 3
• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain
 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i (t )  200  10   
50 3  t  4 10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise

• Thus the current waveform is shown in Fig.6.10.

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Example 3

26
Example 4
• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in Fig.
6.12(a) under dc condition.

27
Example 4
Solution:
• Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with
an open circuit. By current division,
3
i (6mA)  2mA
3 2 4
 v1  2000 i  4 V, v 2  4000i  8 V
1 1 3
 w1  C1v1  (2  10 )(4)  16mJ
2 2

2 2
1 1 3
w2  C2 v2  (4  10 )(8)  128mJ
2 2

2 2
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 Example 5

• For the circuit in , find the voltage across each

capacitor.

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Series and Parallel Capacitors

Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors
i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i  C1  C2  C3  ...  C N
dt dt dt dt
 N
 dv dv
   C K   Ceq
 k 1  dt dt
Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitance.

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Series and Parallel Capacitors

1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors
v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  ...  v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq id  ( C1  C2  C3  ...  C N )id
q (t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
  
Ceq C1 C2 CN

• The equivalent capacitance of series-connected

capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

1 1 1 C1C2
  Ceq 
Ceq C1 C2 C1  C2
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Summary
• These results enable us to look the capacitor in this
way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance.
The equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in
parallel or series can be obtained via this point of
view, so is the Y-△ connection and its
transformation

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Example 6
• Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.

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 Example 6.
Solution:
 20  F and 5  F capacitors are in series:
20  5
  4 F
20  5
 4  F capacitor is in parallel with the 6  F
and 20  F capacitors:
 4  6  20  30F
 30  F capacitor is in series with
the 60  F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq  F  20F
30  60
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Example 7
• For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage across
each capacitor.

37
Example 6.7

38
Example 6.7
Solution:
• Two parallel capacitors:
1
 Ceq  1 1 1 mF  10mF
 
60 30 20
• Total charge
3
q  Ceq v  10  10  30  0.3 C
• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF capacitors,
because they are in series with the 30-v source. ( A crude
way to see this is to imagine that charge acts like current,
since i = dq/dt)
39
 Example 7 q 0.3
• Therefore, v1   3
 15 V,
C1 20  10

q 0.3
v2   3
 10 V
C2 30  10

• Having determined v1 and v2, we now use

KVL to determine v3 by
v3  30  v1  v2  5V
• Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF
capacitors are in parallel, they have the same
voltage v3 and their combined capacitance is
q 0.3
40+20=60mF.  v3   3
 5V
60mF 60  10
40
Example 8

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 Aplicaciones

• Baterías.
• Memorias.
• Fuentes de alimentación.
• Filtros.

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 Clases de Condensadores

• De Mica: No polarizados. Especialmente útiles para frecuencias y voltajes

altos.
• Electrolíticos: Polarizados. Con valores de capacitancia muy elevados.
• De Tantalio: Polarizado. Es un tipo de condensador electrolítico de mayor
precisión y menor relación capacidad/volumen.
• Plásticos: No polarizados. Sus valores difieren en función del tipo de plástico
empleado (poliéster, policarbonato, polipropileno, poliestireno…).
• Cerámicos: No polarizados. Útiles a un rango muy amplio de frecuencias.
• Variables: Una de las placas metálicas es móvil, con lo que se consigue
variar el valor capacitivo del condensador.
• Varicap: Tratándose realmente de un diodo, este elemento se utiliza
frecuentemente como condensador variable.

43 /
 Clases de Condensadores

De Mica Electrolytic
Tantalio

De Plástico
Ceramics
Variables
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