VIRAL INFECTION

NAME-Rahul pawar(roll no.17)

Sanket joshi(roll no.25)
INDEX
 Introduction
 Common viral infections
Introduction
 A viral infection is any type of infection that is caused by
a virus, which is even smaller than bacteria and is
encapsulated by a protective coating so it is more
difficult to kill than bacteria. 
 This is why it is so difficult to treat viral infections.
Viruses cannot grow or exist, though, without host cells.
 Viral infections can cause illnesses as minor as the 
common cold and as severe as AIDS.

 Antibiotics do not kill viruses and the use of them for

viral infections just leads to antibiotic resistance. There
are only a few antiviral medications available to treat
very specific viruses, and they are not always effective.
 Viral hepatitis 
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral
infection.

It may present in acute (recent infection, relatively rapid

onset) or chronic forms.
The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five
unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, 
Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E
Symptoms
 The period of time between exposure to hepatitis and the onset
of the illness is called the incubation period. The incubation
period varies depending on the specific hepatitis virus. Hepatitis
A has an incubation period of about 15-45 days; hepatitis B
from 45-160 days, and hepatitis C from 2 weeks to 6 months.
The most common are flu- like symptoms including:
 loss of appetite
 nausea
 vomiting
 fever
 weakness
 tiredness
 aching in the abdomen
Prevention
 Prevention of hepatitis involves measures to avoid
exposure to the viruses, using immunoglobulin in the
event of exposure, and vaccines.
 Administration of immunoglobulin is called passive
protection because antibodies from patients who have
had viral hepatitis are given to the patient.
 Vaccination is called active protection because killed
viruses or noninfective components of viruses are given
to stimulate the body to produce its own antibodies.
Polio
 Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis,
 is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to
person, primarily via the fecal-oral route
 Although around 90% of polio infections 
cause no symptoms at all,
 affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if
the virus enters the blood stream.
 In about 1% of cases the virus enters the 
central nervous system, preferentially infecting and
destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness
 and acute flaccid paralysis
Cause

 Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with a member of the genus 

Enterovirus known as poliovirus(
 Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified—poliovirus type 1
(PV1), type 2 (PV2), and type 3 (PV3)—each with a slightly different
capsid protein.

 All three are extremely virulent and produce the same disease

symptoms.

 PV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most
closely associated with paralysis

 Individuals who are exposed to the virus, either through infection or

by immunization with polio vaccine, develop immunity.

 A rare condition with a similar presentation, non-poliovirus

poliomyelitis, may result from infections with non-poliovirus 
enteroviruses.[
Prevention

 Two types of vaccine are used throughout the world to

combat polio.

 The first polio vaccine, based on one serotype of a live but 

attenuated (weakened) virus,

 After two doses of IPV (given by injection), 90% or more of

individuals develop protective antibody to all three 
serotypes of poliovirus, and at least 99% are immune to
poliovirus following three doses
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
  AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused
by the human immunodeficiency virus.

 This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness

of the immune system and leaves individuals
susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors
Symptoms

 Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS.[

These infections affect nearly every organ system.

 People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing

various cancers.

 people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection

like fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen glands, chills,
weakness, and weight loss.

  The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients

develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in
the geographic area in which the patient lives
The
Prevention
three main transmission routes of HIV are 
sexual contact, exposure to infected body fluids or
tissues, and from mother to fetus or child during
perinatal period.
It is possible to find HIV in the saliva, tears, and urine
 of infected individuals, but there are no recorded cases
of infection by these secretions, and the risk of
infection is negligible.
 Anti-retroviral treatment of infected patients also

significantly reduces their ability to transmit HIV to

others, by reducing the amount of virus in their bodily
fluids to undetectable levels.
 Common cold
 Also known as nasopharyngitis, acute viral
rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, or a cold) is a viral 
infectious disease of the upper respiratory system,
caused primarily by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
Symptoms

 cough, sore throat, runny nose, and nasal congestion;

sometimes this may be accompanied by conjunctivitis (pink
eye),muscle aches, fatigue, headaches, shivering, and 
loss of appetite. Fever is often present thus creating a
symptom picture which overlaps with influenza.
 Those suffering from colds often report a sensation of
chilliness even though the cold is not generally accompanied
by fever, and although chills are generally associated with
fever, the sensation may not always be caused by actual
fever. In one study, 60% of those suffering from a sore throat
and upper respiratory tract infection reported
headaches,often due to nasal congestion
Prevention

 The best prevention is staying away from people who

are infected,

 Additionally, experts frequently recommend thorough

and regular washing of the hands, especially in
healthcare environments,
Mumps and epidemic parotitis
  Is a viral disease of the human species, caused by the 
mumps virus

 Painful swelling of the salivary glands (classically the 

parotid gland) is the most typical presentation.[

 Painful testicular swelling (orchitis) and rash may also occur.

symptoms of mumps are:

 Parotid inflammation
 
 Fever

 Headache
Prevention

 The most common preventative measure against

mumps is immunization with a mumps vaccine

 The vaccine may be given separately or as part of

the MMR immunization vaccine which also protects
against measles and rubella
Chickenpox
 It is a common illness among kids, particularly those under
age 12.
 An itchy rash of spots that look like blisters can appear all
over the body and be accompanied by flu-like symptoms.

 Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

 A person usually has only one episode of chickenpox, but
VZV can lie dormant within the body and cause a different
type of skin eruption later in life called shingles (or herpes
zoster).
 Getting the chickenpox vaccine significantly lowers kids'
chances of getting chickenpox, but they might still develop
shingles later in life.
Prevention

 Doctors recommend that kids receive the chickenpox

vaccine when they're 12 to 15 months old and a booster
shot at 4 to 6 years old.

 The vaccine is about 70% to 85% effective at preventing

mild infection, and more than 95% effective in
preventing moderate to severe forms of the infection.
Treatment

 The antiviral medicine acyclovir may be prescribed for

people with chickenpox who are at risk for
complications.

 The drug, which can make the infection less severe,

must be given within the first 24 hours after the rash
appears.

 Acyclovir can have significant side effects, so it is only

given when necessary. Your doctor can tell you if the
medication is right for your child
Measles
 Measles, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a 
virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus.

 Morbilliviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-

sense RNA viruses
Symptoms

 The classical symptoms of measles include four day fevers, the

three Cs—cough, coryza (runny nose) and conjunctivitis(red
eyes).
 The fever may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F).

 The characteristic measles rash is classically described as a

generalized, maculopapular,rash that begins several days after
the fever starts. It starts on the head before spreading to cover
most of the body, often causing itching.
 The rash is said to "stain", changing color from red to dark
brown, before disappearing.
 The measles rash appears two to four days after initial
symptoms and lasts for up to eight days.
Prevention

 In developed countries, most children are immunized

against measles by the age of 18 months, generally as part
of a three-part MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella
).

 A second dose is usually given to children between the

ages of four and five, in order to increase rates of
immunity.

 In developing countries where measles is highly endemic,

the WHO recommend that two doses of vaccine be given at
six months and at nine months of age.
Thank you