CHAPTER 9

INTERVIEW
 Definition
• Interview- is one of the major techniques in
gathering data or information. t is defined as a
purposeful face to face relationship between
two persons, one of whom called the
interviewer who asks questions to gather
information and the other called the
interviewee or respondent who supplies the
information asked for.
 Purposes and Uses of the
Interview
• 1. The researcher may approach and
interview knowledgeable people to enable
him to gain insight into his problem, the
variables he is going to use, the formulation
of his specific questions and hypothesis, the
statistical methods he is going to utilize, etc.
•2.The researcher may also interview
knowledge people about the proper
construction and validation of a
questionnaire, or who can make any
contribution to the enrichment of his study.
•3. In cases when subject of the study is a
person with some signs of abnormality, the
interviewer may wish to gain information
from the overt, oral, physical, and
emotional reactions of the subject towards
certain questions to be used for a possible
remedy.
•4. The researcher may also use the
interview as the principal tool in gathering
data for his study or just to supplement
data collected by other techniques.
ADVANTAGES AND DIS
ADVANTAGES OF
INTERVIEW
 ADVANTAGES OF THE INTERVIEW

▹ It yields a more complete and valid information the respondent is usually pressed for
an answer to an question which the interviewer can validate at once.
▹ He can prove into the veracity of the reply immediately. Hence, there is a higher
proportion of usable returns. The interviewer can be used with all kind of people,
whether literate or illiterate, rich or poor, laborer or capitalist, etc.
▹ The interviewer can always clarify points or questions which are vague to interviewer.

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4. Only the interviewer respondent can make
reply to question of the interviewer, unlike in
the case of a questionnaire in which filling up a
questionnaire may be delegated to another
person or a respondent maybe aided by another
person in making replies.

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5. The interviewer can observe the nonverbal reactions or behavior of the respondent which may
reveal rich pertinent information. These are called subliminal cues which are behavioral or
attitudes that are not specifically stated but are covertly displayed that they include
inflection in the voice, manner of speech, such as how hesitant the speakers are and how
much enthusiasm they displayed when they speak; manner on how they sit on a chair;
activity such as frowns, movement of the head and hands; statement they make when people
are around; hesitancy in answering certain question; and eagerness to talk about certain
subject while ignoring others.
( Treece and Treece Jr. pp 204-205) The interviewer must be skillful in reading cues. He may
bring such subliminal cues to the attention of the respondent to check if his suspected to
recognition is correct and to alleviate tension. Interpretation and predications base upon
nonverbal cues must be accurate; otherwise they will tend to be bias subjected data.

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6. Greater complex question can be asked with the interviewer around
to explain things greater complex data which are vital to the study
can be acquired.
7. There is flexibility that the interviewer can effect a modification of
the interview or any question if there is a need so that the desired
information can be gathered.

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 DISAVANTAGE OF INTERVIEW

1. Sometimes selected respondent are hard to contact or cannot

be contacted at all because of the distance of their place or
due to some other reasons. For instance, if a selected
respondent is in another country it can be hard to contact
him.
2. It is expensive if many interviewers have to be employed to
make a target date. The cause of training them in their
salaries would entail too much expense.

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3. The responses maybe in accurate if the interviewer
has no time to consult his records specially the
needed data involve numerals.
4. It is time consuming if only the researcher conducts
the interviews.
5. It is inconvenient for the both the interviewer and
interviewee in terms of time and sometimes in term of
place. The interviewer has to travel distances.

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6. There is no anonymity and so the interviewee may with hold some
confidential but vital information, especially if the information may possibly
invite trouble. This is true if the information is about the morality of an
individual or the commission of graft and corruption.
7. There is a tendency of interviewers to introduce bias because they may
influence their interviewee to give replies that would favor their researcher
employers. This may happen in political survey where the candidacy of a
certain person is involved.
8. If the interviewer modifies a questions, the standardized construction of
the questions is lessened and, categorization and tabulation become a
problem.

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Types of Classes of
Interviews
 Treece and Treece Jr, classify interviews as follows:
▹ 1. Standardized interview. In this type of interview, the interviewer is not allowed to change the
specific wordings of the questions in the interview schedule. He must conduct all interviews in
precisely the same manner, and he cannot adapt questions for specific situations or pursue
statements in order to add something to the data. This is the same as the so-called formal
interview.
▹ 2. Nonstandard zed interview. In this type, the interviewer has complete freedom to develop each
interview in the most appropriate manner for each situation. He is not held to any specific question.
He may revise, add to, or subtract from, the interview schedule that which he think is best for the
situation. This is the same as the so-called informal interview.
▹ 3. Semi standardized interview. The interview is required to ask a number of specific major
questions, and beyond these he is free to probe as he chooses. There are prepared principal
questions to be asked and once these are asked and answered the interpreter is free to ask any
question as he sees fit for the situation.
▹ 4. Focused interview. This is also called depth interview. This is similar to the nonstandard zed
interview in which no required questions should be asked by the interviewer. The researcher asks a
series of questions based on his previous understanding and insight of the situation. Specific
attention is given to specific topics or ideas.
▹ The interview is focused on specific topics that are to be investigated in depth.
▹ The interviewer is thus able to direct his questioning to discover the kinds of backgrounds and
experiences that have influenced the subject.
▹ (In counselling, this is called directive counseling or directive questioning-to probe into the
motives, experiences, and problems of the counselee.)
▹ 5. Nondirective interview. In this type of interview, the interviewee or subject is allowed and
even encouraged to express his feelings or views on certain topics even without waiting to be
questioned or even without pressure from the interviewer. The interviewee does most of the
talking.
▹ The clinical interview used in psychotherapy is a nondirective interview. The purpose of the
nondirective interview is to get a comprehensive picture of the motives, values, and thoughts of
the subject or interviewee. The problem is how to make the interviewee talk. Another problem is
that the question asked may influence his point of view.
 Manuel and Medel classify interview as structured, semi structured, and unstructured.

1. Structured interview-is the same as standardized interview as explained above.

2.Semistructured interview- is almost the same as the semi standardized interview
3. Unstructured interview-is similar to the nonstandardized or nondirective interview.

Good and Scates classify interview as follows:

1. According to function (diagnostic, interview, treatment interview, and the research interview, the
last for gathering research data)

2. According to the number of persons participating (individual interview and group interview, in
the latter, several persons are interviewed simultaneously by the same interviewer)

3. According to the length of contact (short contact interview and long contact interview.

4. According to the roles assumed by the interviewer and the interviewee in relation to the socio-
psychological process of interaction.
▹ Nondirective interview ( uncontrolled, unguided, unstructured)
▹ Focused interview ( direct interview)
▹ Repeated interview ( This is done to trace the development of a
social or psychological process, such as following the progressive
reactions of a voter in making up his mind as to choice in a
presidential election)
 THE
INTERVIEW
INSTRUMENT
Interview instrument -was used to guide
a pair of interviewers when conducting a
semi structured interview. The items were
used as checklist items, not imposing a
specific order.
Two types of interview instruments:
1. Interview schedule
2. Interview guide
THE INTERVIEW GUIDE
 The interview guide does not go into details but it only provides ideas and allows the interviewer to freely pursue
relevant topics in depth. The items provide for flexibility in the manner, order, and language of questioning.

▹ Interview Guide
▹ Name (optional)______________________________________ Date________________
▹ Address_____________________________________________
▹ Educational qualifications (of faculty)
▹ Methods and strategies of teaching
▹ Facilities
▹ Supervisory assistance
▹ Problems encountered in teaching
▹ Proposed solutions to problems
▹ Implications to the teaching of science
THE INTERVIEW
SCHEDULE
CHAPTER 9

JANE A. ADOLFO
Prepared by:
 THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
▹ Interview schedule is another procedure under self-reporting technique of individual
data collection. In the interview the individual is made to answer several questions
put to him related to a specific aspect in a face to face situation. In conducting
interview the interviewer (guidance personnel) may use questions specified before
hand. This is called structured interview. If the interviewer doesn’t have any pre-
specified questions while conducting interview, it is called unstructured interview.
▹ The interview schedule is the same as a questionnaire. The
procedures of preparing and validating an interview schedule
are the same as those of preparing and validating a
questionnaire.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND
A QUESTIONNAIRE

▹ In the former, the question is read to the respondent for him to answer and his reply
is written by the interviewer.

▹ In the later, the respondent himself reads and fills out the questionnaire alone
without the aid of the researcher.
 USES OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
1. It is self-reporting technique which provides considerable flexibility to the
interviewer.

2. Questions can be clarified, if necessary the interview can be given an opportunity to

qualify or modify his answer and the interviewer can carefully observe the individual
during the session, noting down the feeling attached to his answer the topic or cases
when he seems to be evasive and areas on which he is most vocal.
3. If the interviewer is experienced and trained, he can go beyond external purposes of
the interview and he understands his inner feelings, wishes, desires, likes and
dislikes.

4. While interviewing, the behavior of the subject can be observed and information with
regard to his emotional complex can be observed which will be greatly helpful for
individual guidance.
5. It is a potent and indispensible tool for getting data that no other
research tool can do.

6. It can be adaptable, capable of being used with all types of

individuals.
 Limitations of Interview Schedule
1.It is extremely time consuming process.

2. Information obtained is not standardized from one person to another.

3. It suffers from bias of the interviewer.

4. Sometimes interviewer’s own Masses influence the questions that are asked.
5. Some of the interviewers are becoming too rigid in taking judgments, while some
others get influenced by others’ judgments.

6. A great deal of differences are found among the interviewers. As a result, the results
obtained can’t be called reliable.

7. Uniformity can’t be maintained from one interview situation to another.

▹ In spite of the above limitations, interview
technique may be quite useful for guidance. If the
interviewer is trained and if he possesses
professional knowledge manners, maturity,
objectivity, adequacy, well-defined social values,
the interview technique can get a high achieving
situation in individual guidance service
STEPS IN THE
INTERVIEW
CHAPTER 9

BRIGITTE T. RELATO
Prepared by:
1. Planning step . (Preparatory step)
▹ Selection of the universe and the locale of the study
▹ Selection of the respondents by any valid sampling method.
▹ Selection of the type of interview whether standard ,
nonstandardized , semistandard , focused , nondirective,. Depending
upon the nature of the problem or topic research.
2. Selecting the place for interview.
For guidance and counselling as well as psychiatric interviews , the
interviewer can select a very ideal place for interviewer. However , in
research in general , the interviewer may be required to go to the
dwelling places of the interviewees or to their places of work. The
important point is that the place of the interview should be as quiet and
convenient as possible with the least possible distractions.
3. Establishing rapport.
A cordial and friendly atmosphere must be between the interviewer and
the interviewee.

The interviewer must introduce himself and his purpose as cordially and
politely as possible. If he has ID he should show it.
The importance of the interview to both interviewer and interviewee must be
impressed upon the latter.

The latter may have some benefits from the interview or study or , if befall
him.It must be explained to him that the possible and there will be a complete
anonymity for him. He must be assured that nothing will place him in any
compromising or embrassing situation.
4. Carrying out the interview
Carry out the actual interview in a plote , friendly . And conversational
manner. Praise and thank the respondent for any important or vital
comment worthy of mention. If respondent is unable to express himself
lack of knowledge of some technical terms , the interviewer may help
him out but interviewer mut maintain his objectivity.
The interviewer must also be very tactful. If the interviewee exhibits some signs
of annoyance or hostility, the interviewers must use all his resourcefulness to
quiet down the nerves of the respondent to make him cooperative again. If he
reuses to answer , do not press him hard to make one. Wait a little , later he may
give in. Explain to him that any information he may give will be kept strictly
confidentia.
5. Recording the interview.
Record the interview immediately but objectively. Record exactly what
has been said by the respondent or any his nonverbal expressions shown
overtly but do not write the interpretation yet. Example: Write “He
smiled “ not “He was pleased.” So much the better if he interviewer.
6. Closing the interview
Close the interview with an expression of gratitude and thankfulness for
the information obtained and the time sacrificed by the interviewee.
Make him feel that he has played an important part in the completion
of your study .
 THE
INTERVIEW
INSTRUMENT
Interview instrument -was used to guide
a pair of interviewers when conducting a
semi structured interview. The items were
used as checklist items, not imposing a
specific order.
Two types of interview instruments:
1. Interview schedule
2. Interview guide
 QUESTION FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION

1. Define interview. What are the function of the participants in an

interview?
2. What are the advantages of the interview? Disadvantages?
3. What are the types or classes of interview? Explain each.
4. What steps must be taken for an effective interview? Explain each
step.
5. Describe the instruments used in interviews. In your own opinion,
which is better.

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 PREPARED BY: GROUP 9

LEADER: ANABELLE COOPER

MEMBERS:
AMY R. POTIAN
IRENE G. SAMANIEGO
BRIGITTE T. RELATO
GRACIA P. TURALLO
HONEY SHELLE ABELLA Q. GALERIA
JANE ADOLFO

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