James A.

Senn’s
Information Technology, 3rd Edition

Chapter 7

Enterprise Databases and

Data Warehouses

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 1

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Objectives

• Identify the reasons organizations choose to

share databases and the functions of a
database management system.

• Explain the difference between relational and

object-oriented databases and their uses in
business.

• Describe the differences between schemas,

views, and indexes.
Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 2
© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Objectives (Continued)

• Discuss the benefits of client/server

computing.

• Differentiate between shared and distributed

databases.

• Explain why enterprises establish data

warehouses and how they differ from data
marts and enterprise databases.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 3

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Objectives (Continued)

• Distinguish between a database administrator

and a system programmer.

• Discuss database administration procedures

and concurrency procedures and explain why
these are an essential part of a shared
database system.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 4

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 The Principles of Data Sharing
Definition

• Database: A collection of data and information

describing items of interest to an organization.

• Entity: A person, place, thing, event or

condition about which data and information
are collected.

• Enterprise Database: A collection of data

designed to be shared by many users within an
organization.
Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 5
© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 The Principles of Data Sharing
Definition (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 6

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 The Principles of Data Sharing
Database Management Systems

• Database Management Systems (DBMS): A program that

makes it possible for users to manage the data in a
database in order to increase accessibility and
productivity.

• The Functions of Database Management:

– Integrating Databases
– Reducing Redundancy
– Sharing Information
– Maintaining Integrity
– Enabling Database Evolution

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 7

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 The Principles of Data Sharing
Database Management Systems (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 8

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 Enterprise Database Structures
Enterprise Data Model

• Enterprise Data Model/Entity Relationship: A

graphical representation of the items (the
entities) of interest about which data is
captured and stored in the database.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 9

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 Enterprise Database Structures
Enterprise Data Model (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 10

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Schema

• Schema: The structure of a database.

• Schema for Relational Database

– Relational Database: A database in which
the data are structured in a table format
consisting of rows and columns.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 11

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Schema (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 12

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Schema (Continued)

• Schema for Object-Oriented Database

– Object-oriented Database: A database that
stores data and information about objects.
– Object: A component that contains data
about itself and how it is to be processed.
– Action/Method: An instruction that tells a
database how to process an object to
produce specific information.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 13

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 Enterprise Database Structures
Schema (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 14

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Views

• View: A subset of one or more databases,

created either by extracting copies of records
from a database or by merging copies of
records from multiple databases.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 15

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Views (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 16

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Indexes

• Index: A data file that contains identifying

information about each record and its location
in storage.

• Record Key: In a database, a designated field

used to distinguish one record from another.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 17

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Enterprise Database Structures
Indexes (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 18

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Client/Server Computing
Definition

• File Server: A computer containing files that

are available to all users interconnected on a
local area network.

• Client/Server Computing: A type of computing

in which all data and information retrieval
requests and responses pass over a network.
Much of the processing is performed on the
server and the results of the processing are
transmitted to the client.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 19

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 Client/Server Computing
Definition (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 20

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Client/Server Computing
Definition

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 21

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Client/Server Computing
Definition (Continued)

• Client: In client-server computing, a desktop

workstation.

• Server: A computer that hosts a network and

provides the resources that are shared on the
network.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 22

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 Client/Server Computing
The Benefits of Client/Server Computing

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 23

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Databases on the Internet
Definition

• Web-based Integration: Makes data from

enterprise databases available to users
connecting through the Internet (including
enterprise intranets and extranets).

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 Databases on the Internet
Definition (Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 25

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Distributed Databases
Definition

• Shared Database: A database shared among

many users and applications.

• Distributed Database: A database that resides

in more than one system in a distributed
network. Each component of the database can
be retrieved from any node in the network.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 26

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Distributed Databases
Partitioning and Replication

• Partitioning: A method of database distribution

in which different portions of the database
reside at different nodes in the network.

• Replication: A method of database distribution

in which one database contains data that are
included in another database.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 27

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Distributed Databases
Distribution Strategies

• Geographic Distribution Strategy: A database

distribution strategy in which the database is
located in a region where the data and
information are used most frequently.

• Functional Distribution Strategy: A database

distribution strategy in which the database is
distributed according to business functions.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 28

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Distributed Databases
Designed a Distributed Database

• Database Directory: The component of a shared

database that keeps track of data and information.

• Other Design Factors

– Storage Costs
– Processing Costs
– Communication Costs
– Retrieval and Processing
– Reliability
– Frequency of Updates and Queries

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 29

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 Distributed Databases
Designed a Distributed Database
(Continued)

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 30

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 Data Warehouses and OLAP
Definition

• Online Analytical Processing (OLAP):

Database processing that selectively extracts
data from different points of view.

• Data Warehouse: A large data store, designed

from inquiries, that combines details of both
current and historical operations, usually
drawn from a number of sources.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 31

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 Data Warehouses and OLAP
Comparison of Enterprise Databases
and Data Warehouses

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 32

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Data Warehouses and OLAP
Data Warehouse

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 33

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 Data Warehouses and OLAP
Definition

• Data Mining: Uses software designed to detect

information hidden in the data.

• Data Marts: Processed to focus on a specific

area of activities or isolated scientific or
commercial processes.

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© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 People
Definition

• Database Administrator (DBA): The IT

professional responsible for managing all the
activities and procedures related to an
organization’s database.

• Systems Programmer

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 35

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 Procedures
Database Administration Procedures

• Database Administration Procedures: The

procedures associated with managing a
database.
– Database Planning
– Database Design
– Database Creation
– Database Maintenance
– Analysis of Usage
– Creation and Monitoring of Security
Procedures

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 36

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Procedures
Concurrency Procedures

• Concurrent Data Sharing: A database

procedure that allows several users to access
the database simultaneously.

• Nonconcurrent Data Sharing: A database

procedure that allows individuals to access a
database only when no other person or
application is processing the data.

Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 37

© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
 Procedures
Concurrency Procedures (Continued)

• Record Locking: A concurrency procedure that

prohibits another user from accessing or
altering a records that is in use.

• File Locking: Used in systems that store

unstructured information and have file-level
sharing.

• Deadlock: A situation in which each user of a

database is waiting for the others to unlock a
record.
Senn, Information Technology, 3rd Edition 38
© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall