Loads

Prepared by Ibrahim(Amiry)
Load

Loading on a structure may take any one of

the following forms:
1. Direct Actions(in the form of forces and
moments)
2. Indirect Loading(due to support
displacements ,constructional errors and
environmental changes).
Direct Actions

 They apply directly on a structure.

 These loads may be caused by the action of gravity , the natural environment or other sources.
 They include:
1. Dead loads(due to self-weight).
2. Live loads(due to human occupancy,storage,vehicular traffic,etc).
3. Wind loads(aerodynamic forces due to wind).
4. Snow loads(due to snow accumulating on top of the structure).
5. Earthquake loads(or seismic loads: inertial forces induced on the structure vibrating due to
ground motions).
6. Soil pressures(bearing pressures under footings and lateral pressures on retaining walls).
7. Impact loads(caused by vehicular traffic).
8. Water pressures(in water storage structures such as water tanks and dams).
9. Wave loads(on offshore structures and ships).
10.Blast loads(due to explosions).
NOTE

Direct actions usually take one or

more of the following forms:
1. Concentrated or distributed forces.
2. Concentrated or distributed
moments.
Dead loads

 Dead loads are those whose magnitude remains constant and whose position
does not change with time . they consist of the weight of the structure itself
plus the weight of any objects permanently attached to the structure.
 For example the dead loads in a building include he weight of the beams and
columns that make up the frame ,the weight of the walls , floors ,and roof ,
and the weight of permanent fixtures such as plumbing heating and air
conditioning equipment.
Load effects on the building

Loads on buildings induces one or more

of the following effects (stresses)
 Axial (Compressive and Tensile)
 Flexure
 Shear
 Torsion
Design loads in the Aci code