Operating system I

Lebanese French University

College of Engineering and Computer Science
Information Technology Department
M.Sc.Zainab hussain yahya
Lecture no.3& 4

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 Outline
 Operating-System Structure
 Operating System generation
 Virtual machines

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 Operating System Structure

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 Simple Structure -- MS-DOS
 MS-DOS – written to provide the most functionality in the least
space
Not divided into modules
Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels
of functionality are not well separated

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 Non Simple Structure -- UNIX
UNIX – limited by hardware functionality, the original
UNIX operating system had limited structuring. The UNIX
OS consists of two separable parts
Systems programs
The kernel
Consists of everything below the system-call interface
and above the physical hardware
Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory
management, and other operating-system functions; a
large number of functions for one level

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 Traditional UNIX System Structure
Beyond simple but not fully layered.

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 Layered Approach
 The operating system is divided into a number of layers
(levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom
layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the
user interface.
 With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses
functions (operations) and services of only lower-level
layers

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 Microkernel System Structure
Moves as much from the kernel into user space
Mach example of microkernel
Mac OS X kernel (Darwin) partly based on Mach
Communication takes place between user modules using
message passing
Benefits:
Easier to extend a microkernel
Easier to port the operating system to new architectures
More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
More secure
Detriments:
Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication

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 Application File Device user
Program System Driver mode

messages messages

Interprocess memory CPU kernel

Communication managment scheduling mode

microkernel

hardware

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 Operating System generation
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes:
used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
• taking up entire rooms.
• very expensive to operate
• in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.
• computers depend on machine language
• the lowest-level programming language understood by computers,
to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples .

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 Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes .
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.
transistor was better to the vacuum tube, allowing
computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-
generation .
Though the transistor still generated a great deal of
heat that subjected the computer to damage
it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.

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 second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.
computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,
which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
High-level programming languages were also
being developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN.

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 Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated
Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers.
 Transistors were reduced and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors.
 which increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted
with third generation computers through keyboards and
monitors
 interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory.

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 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip.
The Intel developed in 1971, located all the components
of the computer—from the central processing unit and
memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development
of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices

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 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
Artificial Intelligence
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, are still in development.
 though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology
will radically change the face of computers in years to come.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.

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 Virtual Machine
A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software program or
operating system that not only display the behavior
of a separate computer, but is also capable of
performing tasks such as running applications and
programs like a separate computer.

A Virtual Machine is also known as “Guest”.

It is created within another computing environment
referred as a “Host

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 Types Of Virtual Machine :
 System Virtual Machine
 Process Virtual Machine

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 System Virtual Machine
Also known as Hardware Virtual Machine.
Allow the sharing of the underlying physical
machine resources between different virtual
machines, each running its own operating system.
The software layer providing the virtualization is
called a Virtual Machine Monitor or hypervisor.

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 Process Virtual Machines
Also known as Application Virtual Machine
Runs as a normal application inside an OS and
supports a single process.
It is created when that process is started and
destroyed when it exits.
Its purpose is to provide a platform-independent
programming environment that abstracts away
details of the underlying hardware or operating
system, and allows a program to execute in the
same way on any platform
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 Advantages
 Familiar Interface
 Isolation
 High Availability
 Scalability
 Backup with Fast Recovery
 Reduction of Cost

Examples :
XEN --- Virtual Box --- VMware Workstation ---
Citrix
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 Disadvantage
 Difficult in direct access to hardware.
 Capacity of RAM should be larger.
 Capacity of Disk should be larger.
 A Virtual Machine is less efficient than an actual
machine when it accesses the host hard drive
indirectly.

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 Thank You
Any Questions

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