ECE3043Digital Image Processing for Medical Applications

Module 1
Digitization of Images
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Quantization
Quantization
Array and matrix representation of images
Array and matrix representation of images
Array and matrix representation of images
Optical Density
Optical Density
Optical Density
Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range
 Dynamic Range
The overall blackness of the image is
referred to as the radiographic density or
optical density (OD). When the
radiographic density is optimum, the
image is both dark enough and light
enough for you to see the anatomic
details clearly on the viewbox.

The difference in the optical density of

adjacent structures within the image is
referred to as the radiographic contrast.
Even when a radiograph has the proper
optical density, it is possible that
structures may be too similar in density to
be easily distinguished from one another. 
. 
Contrast
Contrast
Contrast
Contrast
Contrast
Contrast
Contrast
Photopic or bright-light vision

Scotopic or – dim light vision

Brightness adaptation and discrimination
False contouring
Exercise

0-255 256 graylevels/4 =64shades

2k= 64
K=6 bits
Solution
Histogram
Histogram
Histogram
Histogram
Histogram
Histogram
Histogram
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Properties of Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Exercise
The following figure shows a 10 x 10 image with 3 different grey levels (black, grey, white).

(i) Derive the probability of appearance (that forms the histogram) for each intensity (grey) level.
(ii) Calculate the entropy of this image.

Gray level: 0, 1, 2
Solution
Histogram
3 gray levels: 0, 1, 2

Gray level Pixel Count probability of appearance

0 2 0.02
1 18 0.18
2 80 0.8

0 1 2

Entropy

= - [ (0.02) log2 (0.02)+ 0.18 log2(0.18) + 0.8 log2(0.8) ]

= 0.1128 + 0.1341 + 0.2575
= 0.5044 bits
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Blur and Spread Function
Resolution
Resolution
Resolution
Resolution
Resolution

Graphical description of system resolution showing

the quality of object transferred to image.
If 80% object contrast is present in image then MTF is
0.8
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Fourier Transform and spectral content
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform

F=10Hz

1v amp

1V

10
f
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Important properties of the Fourier Transform
Signal to Noise Ratio

The mean squared error (MSE) for our practical purposes allows us to compare the “true” pixel values of our original
image to our degraded image.   The MSE represents the average of the squares of the "errors" between our actual image
and our noisy image. The error is the amount by which the values of the original image differ from the degraded image.
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Check whether the DFT matrix is unitary matrix.
Check whether the DFT matrix is unitary matrix.
Exercise