Manipulation Exercises

Lectures 51- 52
Objectives
• To manipulate sentences from books or magazines that they
are reading in class to learn grammar in context and review
grammar rules.
• To learn how to modify the meaning of a sentence with
antonyms and enhance the meaning of a sentence with
synonyms.
• To examine prepositions, adverbs, adjectives, and other parts
of speech
Besides the simple sentence, you can create three more
sentence patterns by combining sentences through
coordination and subordination:
1. A Compound Sentence, which consists of two or more main or
independent clauses (clauses that can stand alone as sentences)
joined by a coordinating conjunction and a comma, by a semicolon
alone (when the thoughts expressed in the clauses are of relatively
equal value), or by a conjunctive adverb (e.g., therefore, however,
instead, then) and a semicolon;
2. A Complex Sentence, which contains one independent clause and
one or more subordinate clauses;
3. A Compound-Complex sentence, which has two or more
independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
Clauses
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of
words that contains at least a subject ( noun phrase ) and a finite
verb.
• These are clauses //These are not clauses
• Ecology is a science// to protect the environment
• Because pollution causes cancer //after working all day
Types of clauses
• Independent Clause: An independent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete thought, and can
stand alone as a sentence.
• Dependent Clause: A dependent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb, does not express a complete thought,
and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Listen to the recording for explanation.
• Fossils are the remains of plants and animals that lived thousands or
millions of years ago.
• Someone forgot to water the roses that grow in the side yard.
• Darryl looked after my dog while I was away.
On the basis of structure
Let’s Poll
Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summer over
where they should spend their summer vacation.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence
Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summer over
where they should spend their summer vacation.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence
Let’s Poll
Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend her days sunbathing.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence
Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend her days sunbathing.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence
Let’s Poll
Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log
cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence
Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log
cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest.
 A. Simple Sentence
 B. Compound Sentence
 C. Complex Sentence
 D. Compound-Complex Sentence
What is synthesis?
Synthesis means the combination of a number of simple sentences
into one new sentence – simple, compound or complex.
 
It work in three ways – like
• Making a new simple sentence by adding two simple sentences
• Making a new compound sentence with two simple sentences
• Making a new complex sentence with two simple sentences
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• By using Participle – V1+ing
for example
•
Separate- He saw a lion. He fled away.
Combined – seeing a lion he fled away

Separate- He jumped up. He ran away.

Combined- jumping up he ran away.

Separate- He tired of reading. He retired to bed.

Combined-being tired of reading, he retired to bed.
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• By using Noun or Phrase in Opposition
•
Separate – I love Ritu very much. She is my sister.
Combined- I love my sister Ritu very much.

Separate- I saw a famous dancer. Her name is Diya.

Combined- I saw the famous dancer, Diya .

Separate- My friend was killed in a plane crash. He was one of my greatest

supporters in my bad time.
Combined- My friend, one of my greatest supporters in my bad time, was
killed in a plane crash.
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• By using Preposition with Noun or Gerund
•
Separate- We reached the movie hall. The movie had finished by that time.
Combined- Before our reaching the movie hall, the movie had finished.

Separate- The servant swept the room; he found a rupee lying in the corner.
Combined- while sweeping the room, the servant found a rupee lying in a
corner.

Separate- He has failed many times. He still hopes to get success at last.
Combined- In spite of many failures he still hopes to get success at least.
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• By using Infinitive
•
Separate- I am going to Jaipur. I have to purchase a house.
Combined- I am going to Jaipur to purchase a house.
•
Separate- there are still three questions left. I have to solve them.
Combined- I have still three more questions to solve.
•
Separate- He is very weak. He cannot pass this year.
Combined- He is too weak to pass this year.
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• By using adverb or adverbial phrase
•
Separate- She was scolded. Her uncle scolded badly.
Combined- She was badly scolded by her uncle.
•
Separate- It was evening. The train had not reached by the time.
Combined- The train had not reached by evening.
•
Separate- He was dismissed from service. His dismissal was undeserved.
Combined- He was undeservedly dismissed from service.
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• By using to+ Adjective / adverb
•
Separate- She is Poor. She cannot buy this.
Combined- She is too poor to buy this.
•
Separate- He is weak. He cannot run.
Combined- He is too weak to run.
•
Separate- She is tired. She cannot dance.
Combined- She is too tired to dance.
Making a new simple sentence by adding two
simple sentences
• Adjective / Adverb + Enough
•
Separate- She is rich. She can buy a designer outfits.
Combined-She is rich enough to buy designer outfits.
•
Separate- This hall is large. Three hundred persons can sit in it.
Combined- This hall is large enough for three hundred person to sit in.
•
Separate-She has much time. She can enjoy this big mall.
Combined- She has time enough to enjoy this big mall.
Making of Complex sentence
Rules- to make complex sentence by adding two or more than two
simple sentence
By using noun clause-
• For example-
• Separate- He is saint. Everybody knows it.
Combined- Everybody knows that he is a saint.
•
Separate-I told you that yesterday. You should try it.
Combined- You must try that what I told you yesterday.
By using Adjective Clause-
• Synthesis of adjective clause can be done by relative pronoun or relative adverb
Like

Separate- I met an old man. He was very weak.

Combined- I met an old man who was very weak.
•
Separate- I saw a car. It was black in colour.
Combined- I saw a car which was black in colour.
•
Separate- I met friend. His phone was stolen in the train.
Combined- I met your friend whose phone was stolen in the train.
•
Separate- I have purchased a big house, it has a big guest rooms. My guestroom is well- decorated.
Combined- The house that I have purchased has a big guest room which is well decorated.
By using Adverb clause-
• Synthesis can be done by using Adverb clause in a way of Adverb clause of time
,reason, place, condition, comparison, contrast, result, manner
for example

Separate- I could not come. I was ill.

Combined- I could not come because I was tied.
•
Separate- He committed the theft. He has been caught by the police.
Combined- He committed the theft, so he has been caught by the police.
•
Separate- Tell me the truth. I shall pardon you.
Combined- I shall pardon you if you tell me the truth.
Making of Compound Sentence
Making of Compound sentence by adding two or more than two simple sentences. It is
mostly done by using conjunctions.
• Separate- I went to the market .I saw a beautiful watch. I could not, however purchase it.
Combined- I went to the market and saw a beautiful watch but I could not purchase it.
•
Separate- He is slow. He is regular.
Combined- he is slow but regular.
•
Separate- He is industrious. He is very serious in his work.
Combined- he is not only industrious but also very serious in his work.
•
Separate-  Get in. You may catch cold.
Combined- Get in or you may catch cold.
Compound sentences created with
coordinating conjunctions
The coordinating conjunctions are and (shows addition), or (shows
choice), but and yet (show contrast), for and so (show logical
consequence), nor (shows addition of a negative point). Together with a
comma, coordinating conjunctions can join two independent clauses.
Example:
Life is short. [independent clause]
Art is long. [independent clause]
Life is short, but art is long.
Compound sentences created with a
semicolon
This method of joining sentences is only recommended for sentences
whose ideas are related and of equal significance.
Example: The house was empty; everyone had gone.
Compound sentences created with a conjunctive adverb and a
semicolon and a comma (when the conjunctive adverb
immediately follows the semicolon)
Examples:
The price of oil has risen sharply; therefore, wood stoves are popular
again.
or The price of oil has risen sharply; wood stoves are therefore popular
again.
Clause connectors
These groups of words are used to connect clause in order to form different kinds
of sentences.
• Subordinators ( subordinating conjunctions):
After, before, that, when, which, although, even though, though, whenever, While
• Coordinators ( coordinating conjunctions):
You can remember the seven coordinators by the phrase FAN BOYS:
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• Conjunctive adverbs:
Accordingly, furthermore, in contrast, meanwhile, on the other hand,
Besides, hence, indeed, moreover, otherwise
Exercise-Choose the best word or phrase to
fill the gaps
• We ate a pizza __________ a kebab. (BUT / AND / SO)
• We had some cake __________ we didn’t have any coffee. (UNLESS / UNTIL /
BUT)
• I had a headache __________ I didn’t go to the party. (WHEN / SO / WHEREAS)
• You can have a coffee __________ a tea but not both. (OR / TILL / BUT)
• I can’t come to school __________ I have an important appointment. (SO /
BECAUSE / UNLESS)
• I will call you __________ I get home. (AS / AND / WHEN)
• __________ you do your homework, you will pass the course. (UNLESS / UNTIL
/ AS LONG AS)
Answers
• We ate a pizza and a kebab.
• We had some cake but we didn’t have any coffee.
• I had a headache so I didn’t go to the party.
• You can have a coffee or a tea but not both.
• I can’t come to school because I have an important appointment.
• I will call you when I get home.
• As long as you do your homework, you will pass the course
 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.
1. I wanted to eat Japanese food __________ my wife wanted to eat Chinese food.
(SO / WHEN / WHEREAS/ THAT)
2. You cannot go into that bar __________ you are 18 or older.
(PROVIDED THAT / UNLESS / AS/ THAT)
3. She still went to work __________ she was sick.
(EVEN THOUGH / THAT/ UNTIL / IF)
4. Don’t call me __________ you have finished your work.
(UNTIL / SO THAT/ WHILE / AS LONG AS)
5. __________ the bad weather, they decided to have a picnic.
(BECAUSE / DESPITE / THAT/ WHEREAS)
6. Wash your hands __________ you eat your dinner.
(THAT/ TILL / WHEN / BEFORE)
7. I did not have the correct visa. __________, I could not enter the country.
(BECAUSE/WHEREAS / AS / CONSEQUENTLY)
8. I like milk, butter, cream and yoghurt. __________, I don’t like cheese.
(SO / HOWEVER / AND/THAT)
9. He did not pass the exam because he had not studied or done his homework. __________, he did not go to school on the exam day.
(OR / UNTIL / IN ADDITION/THAT)
10. You can have an ice-cream __________ you have finished you homework.
(SO/PROVIDED THAT/OR)
 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.
1. I wanted to eat Japanese food __________ my wife wanted to eat Chinese food.
(SO / WHEN / WHEREAS/ THAT)
2. You cannot go into that bar __________ you are 18 or older.
(PROVIDED THAT / UNLESS / AS/ THAT)
3. She still went to work __________ she was sick.
(EVEN THOUGH / THAT/ UNTIL / IF)
4. Don’t call me __________ you have finished your work.
(UNTIL / SO THAT/ WHILE / AS LONG AS)
5. __________ the bad weather, they decided to have a picnic.
(BECAUSE / DESPITE / THAT/ WHEREAS)
6. Wash your hands __________ you eat your dinner.
(THAT/ TILL / WHEN / BEFORE)
7. I did not have the correct visa. __________, I could not enter the country.
(BECAUSE/WHEREAS / AS / CONSEQUENTLY)
8. I like milk, butter, cream and yoghurt. __________, I don’t like cheese.
(SO / HOWEVER / AND/THAT)
9. He did not pass the exam because he had not studied or done his homework. __________, he did not go to school on the exam day.
(OR / UNTIL / IN ADDITION/THAT)
10. You can have an ice-cream __________ you have finished you homework.
(SO/PROVIDED THAT/OR)