MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

INTRODUCTION
TO CELL DIVISION
2
 CELL DIVISION
• Mitosis and Meiosis are
the two division types of
cell that occur in
eukaryotic organisms.
• Prokaryotes reproduce by
another type of cell
division called binary
fission.

3
 PURPO SE O F C ELL DIVISIO N
• Cell division produces
new cells for growth, to
replace old or damaged
cells, and for
reproduction.
• Mitosis and meiosis
ensure that new cells have
the appropriate amount of
DNA so they can function
properly.
4
DEO XYRIBO NUC LEIC AC ID

• Is in the nucleus in the

form of chromatin or
long thread-like pieces
• DNA condenses into
chromosomes before
cell division
• Humans have 46
chromosomes

5
 CELL CYCLE
• The cell cycle is a cell’s
life span from “birth” to
reproduction or
division.
• Two Phases of the Cell
Cycle:
1. Interphase
2. Mitotic Phase or
Cell Division

6
CELLS SPEND ABOUT 90% OF THEIR LIFE
IN INTERPHASE

G1 S G2
• Cell Growth • Synthesis of • Growth &
& Normal DNA or Normal
Functions DNA Functions
Replication Continue
• Cell Prepares
to Divide

7
A DUPLICATED CHROMOSOME
This is the original
chromosome and its copy
(each is called a chromatid)
attached at a point called the
centromere.
1. Chromatid
2. Centromere
3. Short Arm
4. Long Arm
8
 Question:

In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA

synthesized?

9
 Answer:

DNA is synthesized during the S phase of

interphase.

Synthesized = Replicated = Copied

10
 Question:

Why does DNA need to be synthesized

before a cell divides?

11
 Answer:

DNA needs to be synthesized or replicated because

mitosis is going to produce 2 daughter cells from 1
parent cell and each new cell needs a complete set
of genetic material.

12
MITOSIS

13
 MITOTIC PHASE

• The stage of the cell cycle when the cell is

actually dividing is sometimes called the mitotic
phase or M phase.

• Two parts:
1. Mitosis
2. Cytokinesis

Goldfish have 94 chromosomes!

14
 MITO SIS & C YTO KINESIS

• Mitosis – division
of the nucleus &
chromosomes
• Cytokinesis –
division of the
cytoplasm

15
 PHASES OF MITOSIS
interphase prophase
metaphase

cytokinesis

telophase anaphase 16
PROPHASE
• Chromatin condenses to
form chromosomes
• Chromosomes are now
visible (under a microscope)
as sister chromatids
• Nuclear envelope breaks
down & nucleolus
disappears
• Spindle fibers form
17
METAPHASE
• Chromosomes line up
across center of cell
• Sister chromatids
attach to a spindle
fiber at the
centromere

18
ANAPHASE

• Centromeres split
• Sister chromatids
separate
• Chromatids move to
opposite ends of cell
by spindle fiber
stretching
• Cell stretches out

19
TELOPHASE & CYTOKINESIS

• Chromosomes begin to uncoil

• New nuclear envelope forms
around each chromosome
region
• Cytokinesis occurs about the
same time as telophase
• Cell pinches in at cleavage
furrow and splits the cell into
two new cells.
20
 CYTOKINESIS
nucleus
Cytokinesis in an animal
cell. Cells pinch in two at
cleavage furrow.

cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis in a plant cell.
A cell plate will form to
divide the two daughter
cells.

cell plate 21
 Question:

What phase of
mitosis is shown
here?

22
Answer:

Metaphase

23
CAN YOU RECOGNIZE DIFFERENT STAGES
OF MITOSIS IN THESE ONION CELLS?

24
DID YO U SEE THESE STAG ES?

Interphase Prophase Late

Metaphase
Prophase

Early Anaphase Telophase Late

Anaphase Telophase
25
 SUMMARY O F MITO SIS

• Occurs in body cells

• DNA replicated in S phase
of interphase
• Chromosomes are
distributed equally into
two identical daughter
cells

Mitosis will occur in the cells of this

palm tree as it grows.
26
 MITOSIS
Produces 2 identical daughter cells with the
exact same genetic material as the original
parent cell.

27
 Question:

List the 4 phases of mitosis and briefly

describe what is happening to the
chromosomes in each phase.

28
 Answer:

1. Prophase – chromatin condenses &

chromosomes are visible
2. Metaphase – chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell
3. Anaphase – sister chromatids pull apart
4. Telophase – chromosomes move to opposite
sides of the cell & uncoil

29
 Question:

Explain how cytokinesis differs in animal cells

compared to plant cells.

30
 Answer:

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves a pinching in

at the cleavage furrow until two identical daughter
cells are formed.

In plant cells, the cell wall does not allow for this
pinching in, so a cell plate grows between the new
cells to separate them.

31
MEIOSIS

32
 MEIOSIS
• Meiosis is the unique type of cell division
necessary for sexual reproduction that occurs
ONLY in the sex organs
• Meiosis in Testes produces Sperm Cells
• Meiosis in Ovaries produces Egg Cells

Sperm and Egg cells

have half the original
chromosome number.
33
 23 CHROMOSOMES
• Se x c e lls, e g g s a nd sp e rm , a re a lso
c a lle d g a m e te s.

23 c hro m o so m e s fro m the Eg g

+ 23 c hro m o so m e s fro m the Sp e rm
= 46 c hro m o so m e s in the o ffsp ring

34
IT’S LIKE HAVING 23 PAIRS OF SHOES!

• There are 23 types of

chromosomes and you get
one of each each type from
each parent.
• Imagine your Mom giving
you 23 left shoes and your
Dad giving you 23 right
shoes and they all match!

35
 Products of Meiosis
Meiosis produces four cells, each with half the
chromosome number as the parent cell.

92
After DNA Synthesis

461st Division
After 46

23After 2 Division
nd
23 23 23
36
 Question:

Why is it important for meiosis to

produce cells with only half the original
amount of genetic material?

37
 Answer:

Offspring will receive half of their genetic

material from each parent
½ from Mom and ½ from Dad = 1 offspring with
a complete set of DNA

38
 KARYOTYPE

• A karyotype is a
display of the 46
chromosomes of
an individual.
• Notice the pairs –
one of each pair
came from Mom,
the other from
Dad.
39
 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

The two
chromosomes of
each matching pair
are called
homologous
chromosomes.

40
 C O MPARE & C O NTRAST

• SIMILARITY
Each homologous chromosome in a
pair carries the same sequence of genes
controlling the same inherited traits.
• DIFFERENCE
The two genes on homologous
chromosomes may be different
versions of the trait.

Male seahorses have half the

number of chromosomes as
female seahorses.
41
 FO R EXAMPLE:
The chromosome you
inherited from Dad may
carry a gene for brown
eyes, but the
homologous
chromosomes you
inherited from Mom
may carry a gene for
blue eyes.

42
 Question:

What is a display of a person’s

chromosomes called?

43
 Answer:

A display of a person’s chromosomes is called a

karyotype.

It shows 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

lined up from longest to shortest.

The last pair is the sex chromosomes.

44
 DIPLOID AND HAPLOID CELLS
• Almost all human cells are
diploid, that is they contain
homologous sets (or matching
pairs) of chromosomes; a total of
46.
• The exception are egg and sperm
cells, your gametes
• Each gamete has a single set of
chromosomes (23) and are called
haploid cells.
45
 Question:

Some female geckos can go through

parthenogensis, which is the ability to
produce offspring from an unfertilized
egg. Would you expect the offspring to
be haploid or diploid? Explain.

46
 Answer:

Eggs are produced by meiosis and are haploid,

therefore you would expect an offspring of
parthenogensis to be haploid.
But, they’re usually diploid. Weird. You’ll have
to look that one up later.

47
 FERTILIZATION
• In the human life cycle, the
haploid sperm cell unites
with the haploid egg cell.
This fusion is called
fertilization.
• The resulting fertilized egg,
called a zygote, is diploid
and is the first cell of the
new offspring.

48
So, diploid
organisms form
haploid gametes
through the process
of meiosis AND
Haploid (n)
haploid gametes
form diploid Fertilization
organisms through
the process of Meiosis
fertilization.

Diploid (2n)

49
 NOW WE SEE WHY WE NEED
MEIOSIS, BUT HOW DOES IT
PRODUCE THESE HAPLOID CELLS?
• One DNA replication in the S phase of
interphase
• But TWO divisions of the cytoplasm
• This produces FOUR haploid cells

50
MEIOSIS OVERVIEW
A: DNA REPLICATION
B: MEIOSIS I
C: MEIOSIS II

Notice how the end

products compare to the
original parent cell. 51
PROPHASE I & METAPHASE I
Prophase I
• Tetrads form
• Nuclear membrane
disintegrates
• Crossing over
crossing over (recombination) occurs
Metaphase I
• Tetrads, attached to spindle
fibers at their centromeres,
line up at mid-cell.

52
 ANAPHASE I & TELOPHASE I
Anaphase I
• Tetrads separate
• Sister chromatids
move towards
centrioles

Telophase I
• Nuclear membranes form around
chromosomes
• Cytokinesis will form 2 cells
53
 RESULT OF MEIOSIS I

• Two cells are formed

• Cells have same number of chromatids as parent
cell, but are no longer diploid
54
 PROPHASE II & METAPHASE II
Prophase II
• Sister chromatids
still attached
• Spindle begins to form

Prophase II Metaphase II
Metaphase II
• Chromatids line up in
the middle of cell
• Centrioles are at the
poles
55
 ANAPHASE II & TELOPHASE II

Anaphase II
• Centromeres split
• Sister chromatids
Anaphase II Telophase II separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell

Telophase II
• Nuclei form
• Cytokinesis occurs at the same time
56
 RESULTS OF MEIOSIS II

4 Genetically Different Haploid Daughter Cells

57
 TWO MEIOTIC DIVISIONS

Meiosis consists of two divisions, but the phases

look pretty similar to mitosis.

Here’s the
BIGdifference:
1. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes, each
composed of two sister chromatids, are
separated from one another.
2. In Meiosis II, sister chromatids are separated
much as they are in mitosis.
58
 Question:

Which phase of meiosis is most similar

to anaphase of mitosis? Explain.

59
 Answer:

Anaphase II of meiosis is most similar to

anaphase of mitosis because that’s when sister
chromatids separate.

60
GENETIC VARIATION

61
So . . . for humans, the haploid number
(n) is equal to 23, which means there
are 223, or about 8 million possible
chromosome combinations!

Do yo u th in k it’s re a lly
p o ssib le to h a ve a
d o p p e lg ä n g e r? So m e o n e
e lse in th e w o rld yo u lo o ks
ju st like yo u .
62
Another Factor That
Increases Genetic
Variation is CROSSING
OVER

• The exchange of
genetic material
between
homologous
chromosomes.

63
Homologous Chromosomes pair up to
form tetrads in Prophase I.
This is when crossing over can occur.

2 tetrads

A tetrad is composed of 2 homologous

chromosomes and contains 4 chromatids. 64
 HOW DOES CROSSING OVER
INCREASE GENETIC VARIATION?
• Crossing over produces a single
chromosome that contains a new
combination of genetic information from
different parents, a result called genetic
recombination.
• Crossing over can occur multiple times
in random locations between any
homologous pair of chromosomes.

65
 Question:

Can you describe two factors that

increase genetic variation in offspring?

66
 Answer:

Two factors that increase genetic variation in

offspring are:

1. The large number of possible gamete

combinations produced by meiosis
2. The recombination of genes produced by
crossing over in Prophase I

67
 REVIEW

• In both mitosis and meiosis, the chromosomes

duplicate only once, in interphase.
• Mitosis involves only one division of the genetic
material in the nucleus, producing two diploid
cells that are genetically identical.
• Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions, yielding
four haploid cells that are genetically different.

68
Complete a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast
mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis Meiosis

69
 THE END

Mitosis & Meiosis