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Review On Matrices: 2.1 Operations With Matrices 2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
Review On Matrices: 2.1 Operations With Matrices 2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
MATRICES
2.1 Operations with Matrices
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
row: m
column: n
size: m×n
j-th column vector
c1 j
c
cj 2j
column matrix
c
mj
Square matrix: m=n
1 2 3
A c1 c2 c3
4 5 6
1 2 3
c1 , c2 , c3
4 5 6
a11 0 0
0 a22 0
Trace operation: A
Given
If A [aij ]nn 00 ann
Ex 2: (Equal matrix)
1 2 a b
A B
3 4 c d
If A B
Then a 1, b 2, c 3, d 4
Ex 3: (Matrix addition)
1 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 0 5
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 3
1 1 1 1 0
3 3 3 3 0
2 2 2 2 0
Ex 4: (Scalar multiplication and matrix subtraction)
1 2 4 2 0 0
A 3 0 1 B 1 4 3
2 1 2 1 3 2
Size of AB=m × p
n
where cij aik bkj ai1b1 j ai 2b2 j ainbnj
k 1
Notes: (1) A+B = B+A, (2)AB BA
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.42 & p.44 11/75
Ex 5: Find AB
1 3
3 2
A 4 2 B
4 1 2 2
5 0 3 2
Sol:
(1)( 3) (3)( 4) ( 1)(2) (3)(1)
AB (4)(3) (2)(4) (4)(2) (2)(1)
(5)(3) (0)(4) (5)(2) (0)(1) 3 2
9 1
4 6
15 10 3 2
Note: (1) BA is not multipliable
(2) Even BA is multipliable, it could be that AB ≠ BA 12/75
Matrix form of a system of linear equations in n variables:
a11 x1 a12 x2 a1n xn b1
a x a x a x b
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
m linear equations
am1 x1 am 2 x2 amn xn bm
a11 a12 a1n x1 b1
a a22 a2 n x2 b2 Single matrix equation
21
Ax b
m n n 1 m 1
A x b
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.45 13/75
※ Partitioned matrices can be used to simplify
equations or to obtain new interpretation of
equations (see the next slide)
Partitioned matrices:
row vector
a11 a12 a13 a14 r1
A a21 a22 a23 a24 r2
a31 a32 a33 a34 r3
submatrix
a11 a12 a13 a14
A11 A12
A a21 a22 a23
a24
A21 A22
a31 a32 a33 a34
14/75
Ax is a linear combination of the column vectors of matrix A:
x1
x
Ax c1 c2 cn 2 ← You can derive the same result if you perform
the matrix multiplication for matrix A
expressed in column vectors and x directly
xn
16/75
Key Learning in Section 2.1
Determine whether two matrices are equal.
Add and subtract matrices and multiply a matrix by a scalar.
Multiply two matrices.
Use matrices to solve a system of linear equations.
Partition a matrix and write a linear combination of column
vectors.
17/75
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
Three basic matrix operators:
(1) matrix addition
(2) scalar multiplication
(3) matrix multiplication
0 0 0
0 0 0
Zero matrix: 0mn
0 0 0 mn
1 0 0
0 1 0
Identity matrix of order n: In
0 0 1 n n
(2) A ( A) 0 mn
※ Thus , –A is called the additive inverse of A
Notes:
(1) 0m×n: the additive identity for the set of all m×n matrices
(2) –A: the additive inverse of A
1. AIn = A
2. ImA = A
If A is a square matrix of order n, then AIn = InA = A.
21/75
Properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication:
If A, B, C M m n , and c, d are scalars,
then (1) A+B = B+A (Commutative property of matrix addition)
23/75
Ex 1: Matrix Multiplication is Associative
Calculate (AB)C and A(BC) for
1 0
1 2 1 0 2
A , B , and C 3 1 .
2 1 3 2 1 2 4
Sol:
1 0
1 2 1 0 2
( AB)C 3 1
2 1 3 2 1
2 4
1 0
5 4 0 17 4
3 1
1 2 3
13 14
2 4
24/75
1 0
1 2 1 0 2
A( BC ) 3 1
2 1 3 2 1
2 4
1 2 3 8 17 4
2 1 7 2 13 14
25/75
Definition of Ak : Repeated multiplication of a square matrix:
A1 A, A2 AA, , Ak
AA A
k matrices of A
Properties for Ak:
(1) AjAk = Aj+k
(2) (Aj)k = Ajk j and k are nonnegative integer
0
A = In, where A is a square matrix of order n
For diagonal matrices:
d1 0 0 d1k 0 0
0 d
0 0 d 2k 0
D 2
Dk
k
0 0 dn 0 0 d n
26/75
3 2 1
Example 2: Find A for the matrix: A .
3 0
2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 1
A
3
3 0 3 0 3 0 6 3 3 0 3 6
Transpose of a matrix:
a11 a12 a1n
a a22 a2 n
If A 21 M mn
a am 2 amn
m1
2 1 2 3 1
A 1 0 3 B 2 1
0 2 1 3 0
Sol:
T T
2 1 2 3 1 2 1
2 6 1
( AB) 1 0
T
3 2 1 6 1
0 2 1 1 2
1
3 0
1 2
2 1 0
3 2 3 2 6 1
B A
T T
1 0 2 ( AB )T B T AT
1 1 0 2 3 1 1 2
1
31/75
Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A is symmetric if A = AT
Skew-symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A is skew-symmetric if AT = –A
Ex 5:
1 2 3
If A a 4 5 is symmetric, find a, b, c?
b c 6
Sol:
1 2 3 1 a b
A A T
A a 4 5 AT 2 4 c
a 2, b 3, c 5
b c 6 3 5 6
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, Addition 32/75
Ex 6:
0 1 2
If A a 0 3 is a skew-symmetric, find a, b, c?
b c 0
Sol:
0 1 2 0 a b
A a 0 3 AT 1 0 c
b c 0
2 3 0
A AT a 1, b 2, c 3
AAT must be symmetric ※ The matrix A could be with any size,
Note: i.e., it is not necessary for A to be a
Proof ( AAT )T ( AT )T AT AAT square matrix.
: ※ In fact, AAT must be a square matrix.
AAT is symmetric
33/75
Real number:
ab = ba (Commutative law for multiplication of real
numbers)
Matrix:
AB BA
m n n p n p m n
Three
situations:
(1) If m p, then AB is defined , BA is undefined.
Note: AB BA (noncommutativity of matrix multiplication)
36/75
Real number:
ac bc, c 0
ab (Cancellation law for real numbers)
Matrix:
AC BC C0
(1) If C is invertible, then A = B
2 4 1 2 2 4
BC
2 3 1 2 1 2
So AC BC
But A B
39/75