Delhi Public School,Harni

Academic Session 2021-2022

CLASS : X SUBJECT: SCIENCE

CHAPTER - 6 (LIFE PROCESSES) PART II

-BY SUSMITA DASGUPTA

 Transportation

•All living organisms need a few necessary components

like air, water, and food for their survival.
•On our regular basis, animals ensure these
elements by breathing, drinking and eating.
•The required elements are transported to their
body cells and tissues by a  transportation system.
•In plants, the vascular tissue is responsible for
transporting the substances.
Transportation in Humans
Transportation in humans is done by the
circulatory system.
The circulatory system in humans mainly
consists of blood, blood vessels and heart.
It is responsible for the supply of oxygen,
nutrients, removal of carbon dioxide and
other excretory products.
It also helps to fight the infections.
BLOOD
Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
It consists of a fluid medium called plasma
in which cells are suspended.
Plasma transports food ,CO2 and
nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
Oxygen is carried by red blood cells.
Many other substances are like salts are also
transported by blood.
Composition of blood
Plasma
The liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up for 50% of
blood. It is pale yellow in colour and when separated, it consists of salts,
nutrients, water and enzymes. Blood plasma also contains important proteins
and other components necessary for overall health. Hence, blood plasma
transfusions are given to patients with liver failure and life-threatening injuries.
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Red blood cells consist of Haemoglobin, a protein. They are produced by the
bone marrow to primarily carry oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide away
from it.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
White blood cells are responsible for fighting foreign pathogens (such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter our body. They circulate throughout our body
and originate from the bone marrow.
Platelets
Tiny disc-shaped cells that help regulate blood flow when any part of the body is
damaged, thereby aiding in fast recovery through clotting of blood.
Red blood cells
 O2 transport in blood
Oxygen is transported in the blood in two ways: A
small amount of O 2 (1.5 percent) is carried in the
plasma as a dissolved gas.

Most oxygen (98.5 percent) carried in the blood is

bound to the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. A
fully saturated oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2) has four
O 2 molecules attached.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body.
There are three types of blood vessels: arteries,
veins and blood capillaries.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to
different organs of the body and veins carry
deoxygenated blood from different organs of
the body to heart.
Gaseous exchange takes place between blood
and cells at capillaries.
Difference between Arteries and Veins
Pumping organ heart
The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest
cavity towards the left side. In adult humans, it is about
the size of one’s fist.
The heart is covered by a double membrane called
pericardium. It contains the lubricating pericardial
fluid. The pericardial fluid provides lubrication during
the contraction and relaxation of the heart.
 It also protects the heart from mechanical injuries.
The heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen
rich blood from mixing with the blood containing CO2.
Diagram of human heart
Chambers of the heart Internally: The heart is divided
into four chambers- Two thin-walled upper chambers—
left atrium and right atrium. Two thick-walled lower
chambers—left ventricle and right ventricle.
 The superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from
the anterior part of the body, i.e. head, chest and arms, to
the right atrium.
The inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from
the posterior region of the body, including the abdomen
and legs, to the right atrium.
 The blood from the right atrium enters the right
ventricle.
 From the right ventricle, the blood is sent to the lungs
through the pulmonary artery.
Four pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
 From the left atrium, the blood enters the
left ventricle.
From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is
sent to all parts of the body through the
aorta.
Heart valves
Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood or regulate
the flow of blood in a single direction.
The tricuspid valve which has three projections or
cups is located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle.
The bicuspid valve/mitral valve has two projections or
cups and is located between the left atrium and the
left ventricle.
 The opening of the left ventricle into the aorta and
the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary
artery is guarded by semilunar valves.
The flow of blood through the heart is as follows:
Double

Circulation
In the human body, blood circulates through the heart
twice.
The heart receives deoxygenated blood from different
parts of the body, and it pumps this blood to the lungs.
The oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the
heart, which is pumped again into different parts of
the body by the heart.
Thus, the blood passes twice through the heart
making one complete round through the body. This is
called double circulation.
The separation of the right side and left side of the heart is
useful to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from
mixing.
Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to
the body.
This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such
as birds and mammals to maintain their body temperature.
Animals like amphibians and many reptiles have three
chambered hearts and tolerate some of the mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood as they do not use
energy for maintaining their body temperature. The body
temperature depends on the temperature in the
environment.
Fishes have only two chambers to their hearts.

The blood is pumped to the gills where it is

oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is passed
directly to the rest of the body.

Thus blood goes only once through the heart in

the fish during one cycle of passage through the
body.
 Blood Pressure
 The force exerted by the blood against the wall of a blood vessel when
it flows through it is called blood pressure.
 There are two different variants of blood pressure; the systolic and the
diastolic blood pressure.
 The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular
diastole(relaxation) is called diastolic pressure. It constitutes
the minimum pressure on arteries.
 The normal range of diastolic blood pressure should be 60 – 80 mm
Hg.
 The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is
pumping the blood (ventricular systole)(contraction) is
called systolic pressure. It constitutes the maximum pressure applied
on the arteries.
 The normal range of systolic blood pressure should be 90 – 120 mm Hg.
 Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called
sphygmomanometer.
Maintenance by platelets
Bleeding occurs when the blood vessels rupture.
The leakage of blood would lead to a loss of pressure
which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping
system.
Bleeding is stopped by the platelet cells of the blood
that help in the clotting of blood at the site of the injury.
Blood Clotting is the process of forming a clot to plug
these kind of leakages in order to prevent excess loss of
blood from the body.
It is a gel-like mass which is formed by the platelets and
a fibre-like protein in the blood.
Lymph
Some amount of plasma ,protein and blood cells
escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues through
the pores present in the walls of the capillaries. This is
tissue fluid or lymph.
Lymph is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless
and contains less protein.
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from
intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular
space back into the blood.
 Transportation is a vital process in plants.

Transportation in Plants

The process involves the transportation of water and


necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its survival.
Plants have specialized vascular tissues for transportation of substances.

There are two types of vascular tissues in plants, viz. xylem and phloem.
Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and minerals. It

is composed of tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem
fibre. Tracheids and xylem vessels are the conducting elements. The
xylem makes a continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stem
and right up to the veins of leaves.
Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food. Phloem is

composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and bast
fibres. Sieve tubes are the conducting elements in phloem.
Ascent of Sap:
The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to
different plant parts is called ascent of sap. Many factors
are at play in ascent of sap and it takes place in many steps.
They are explained as follows:
Root Pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin. Water;
from soil; enters the root hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is
responsible for movement of water up to the base of the stem.
Capillary Action: A very fine tube is called capillary. Water; or any
liquid; rises in the capillary because of physical forces and this
phenomenon is called capillary action. Water; in stem; rises up to
some height because of capillary action.
Adhesion-cohesion of Water Molecules: Water molecules make a
continuous column in the xylem because of forces of adhesion and
cohesion among the molecules.
Transpiration Pull: Loss of water vapours through stomata and
lenticels; in plants; is called transpiration. Transpiration through
stomata creates vacuum which creates section; called transpiration
pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column from the xylem
tubes and thus water is able to rise to great heights in even the
tallest plants.
Translocation
Transport of food in plants happens because of utilization of
energy. Thus, unlike the transport through xylem; it is a form of
active transport. Moreover, the flow of substances through phloem
takes place in both directions, i.e. it is a two-way traffic in phloem.
Food synthesised during photosynthesis along with amino acids
and other substances is loaded into sieve tubes by utilising ATP.
The presence of food inside the phloem develops the concentration
gradient for water. Thus, water enters the phloem by osmosis.
 Osmosis develops high pressure inside the phloem which
transports the food from the phloem to plant parts where the
concentration of food is less. This process is called translocation.
In spring, the sugar stored in the root or stem tissues is transported
to the buds which need energy to grow.
HOME ASSIGNMENT
 Q1.(a) Draw a sectional view of the human heart and label on it Aorta,
Pulmonary arteries, Vena cava, Left ventricle.                           
 (b) Why is double circulation of blood necessary in human beings?
 Q2.(a)What are the components of the transport system in human
 beings?
 (b) What are the functions of these components?
 Q3.What are the components of the transport system in highly
 organised plants?
 Q4.How are water and mineral transported in plants?
 Q5.How is food transported in plants?
 Q6.List in tabular form, three differences between arteries and veins.  
 Q7.What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system develops a

leak? State in brief, how could this be avoided?