Radio propagation issues

Wireless Signal Propagation issues

Fading – distortion of signals due to multipath propagation
Multipath - the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals' reaching the receiving antenna by
two or more paths.
Shadowing – the deviation of the power of the received wireless signal from an average value.
Reflection – occurs when signal encounters a large obstacles
Refraction – occurs when a signal encounters an obstacle depending on the density of a medium
Scattering - occurs when the signal encounters small objects of size smaller than the wavelength of the
signal.
Diffraction - occurs when the signal encounters an edge or a corner, whose size is larger than the
wavelength of the signal.

shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

Multipath propagation

multipath
LOS pulses pulses

signal at sender
signal at receiver

Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to
reflection, scattering, diffraction, etc.
 Repeater and Amplifier
 Repeater and Amplifier are electronic devices used for enhancing the power of the
transmitted signal.

 The repeater is used as a regenerator of the signal which also eliminates the noise
from the signal.

 Amplifier enhances the amplitude of the signal waveform. The device usually
amplifies the noise along with the signal.