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Hydraulic Structures II 4602
Hydraulic Structures II 4602
In economic terms also, floods are responsible for approximately a third of all the
losses due to natural hazards.
Flood disaster and frequency of flood is increasing every year.
Changing climate
Death toll Event Location Date
100,000 Hanoi and Red River Delta flood North Vietnam 1971
River flood – inundation of adjacent land, overtopping its banks (heavy precip.)
Flash flood – due to very high local precip., flooding in limited area
Stagnant and urban flood - Extreme local rainfall combined with impeded or block
drainage may cause inundation
Flood plain soils consist of rich deposits of sediments suitable for agricultural cultivation
and wild plant species.
When the floodwaters retreat, the original soil is more fertile, because of the organic matter
Floods provide much of the critical habitat for many biotas such as fish, wildlife and the
water fowl.
Spring pools that remain after flooding support insects and small animals which, in turn, feed
larger creatures.
Floods carry food to ocean estuaries, which are breeding grounds for marine life,
Damage to property
lands etc)
Damage and loss of human life
The benefit from prevention of flood damage is the difference in expected damage
throughout the life of the project with and without flood controls and these benefits
include
Cost of replacement or repairing of damaged properties
protection measure
Losses due to disruption of business and losses due to crops or cost of
replanting crops.
Land protected from floods may be utilized for more productive purposes when not
subjected to flood hazards.
The benefit is assessed by estimating the difference in net revenue from the property with
Recommended
Flood plain characteristics flood return
period (yrs)
1. Extensive agriculture 6-7
2. Intensive agriculture 15-20
3. Thinly or medium populated living areas 100-200
4. Densely populated living areas and 200-1000
industrial centers
2. Flood abatement
Reduction of the flood volume
3. Behavioural measures
Flood control by structural measures
o Stream training and regulation
These are methods that reduce flood hazard by increasing the carrying capacity
to improve flood discharge capacity – It may also be used to direct the river from the
curved flow which may be endangering valuable land and property
to improve the situation for navigation – e.g. reduce the length
to stop severe bank erosion
o If most of the sharp bends of a natural stream
alignment.
To get a stable channel, a gentle bend should be made.
Morphological consequences of short-cutting are:
Energy gradient of the stream along the cut-off channel and upstream of it is
increased; hence also its sediment transport capacity, STC
If the elevations at points A and B remain unaltered, the longitudinal slope
between the two points along the cut-off is considerably increased. As a
result, there are two transitions
From the mild slope upstream of A to the steeper slope of the cut-off;
From the steeper slope of the cut-off to the mild slope downstream of B.
Erosion starts first not far from point A and deposition will take place in the vicinity of
point B.
With time, the erosion moves upstream from point A (back erosion), and
new longitudinal slope is established, more or less similar to the original slope.
Because of reduced stream storage, peak discharge downstream of the cut-off is
likely to be higher than before.
The streambed upstream of point A is lowered with time, while downstream from
point B it will be raised above the original streambed before the construction of the
cut-off.
This reduction in channel capacity in the downstream part may cause flooding at
higher discharges, since the water can no longer be contained within the stream
channel.
Therefore, in most cases, meander short-cutting alone is not sufficient to
prevent the stream from overflowing its banks during the flood protection design
discharge;
Hence additional means are necessary, such as channel improvement or dykes.
Reduction of bed slopes
The erosion-deposition cycle may be improved by reducing the slope of the
streams by structural measure including
Drop structures,
Bottom sills
River bank protection
River bank protection works improve stream channel capacity by curtailing
continuous longitudinal and lateral movement of the river planform.
Artificial channel linings
Concrete lined channels create smoother wetted perimeter and so increase velocity
Thus water levels drop and flood risk is reduced
Expensive, and high maintenance
Debris dams:
To trap sediment in upper catchments to prevent downstream bed
aggradation/deposition
Maintains higher bankfull capacities downstream
Periodic need for emptying, but can be used for construction materials
Especially important in semi-arid, mountainous catchments
o Flood reduction by Levees and dikes / Marginal Embankments
A levee or dyke is a structure mainly for flood protection by controlling the river and
not by training it.
The alignment should follow the normal pattern of meandering of the river.
They are constructed of earth materials and may be provided at one or both
Freeboard may be between 0.3 m and 1.5 m above maximum flood level.
Location of Levees and Dikes
o It is obvious that the same discharge could be carried between higher dykes
built close to the stream bank, and low dykes built away from the stream.
oWith the exception of cases in which the distance of the dykes from the
stream is limited by circumstances that fall mainly in the legal province (such
as property right, expropriation restrains, etc), the distance, and hence, also
their height is based on consideration of:
Economics
Safety
Economics: concerning cost of dykes – low dykes are cheaper to build, not only
because of minor volume of earthwork but due to other construction
considerations – e.g. protection against piping; clearing foundation area from
vegetation, roots, boulders, or organic matter; compaction in layers; etc.
Dykes are usually built along extended stretches of the stream; hence cost of
dyking scheme is sensitive to additional height.
Safety: Failure with low dykes will result in only minor damages, while with high
dykes, both the material damage and human suffering are likely to be more
severe.
o Flood protection by means of reservoirs
Dams are constructed across a stream to form a reservoir that provides a temporary
storage of flood water during peak flows, and to release the stored volume to the
downstream channel at a regulated rate during the flood wave and after its
subsidence.
o Single purpose dams
Note also that due to a reduction in the peak, the water level in the downstream
channel is also reduced.
Spreading grounds (Ponds)
Diverting flood water to low impact flood plain zones, for storage
Planning authorities can prohibit certain land-uses in the more flood prone
floodplain zones
Flood proofing