GROUUP

PRESENTATION
GROUP MEMBERS:
• UNZA ZULFIQAR (20101090017)

• AYESHA ABID (20101090008)

• IQRA KOMAL (20101090007)

• MAHAM MASOODB (20101090048)

• FATIMA ZAHRA (20101090022)

• FATIMA QAISER (20101090071)

• NABIHA FARYAD (20101090013)

MEMORY PROCESSING
MEMORY PROCESSING
We learn about:
“How we repeat things in our mind and how we forget them”
For psychologist memory covered three stages
Memory
“Memory means by which we draw our past experiences in order to use the in present”
Example: Singing a familiar song.
1-Encoding:
Converting data from one form to another
Example
Phone call, email, text,face to face.
2-Storage:
In which we maintain information for a long time
Example
A word which is seen in a book may be stored if it is changed (encoded) into a sound or a meaning
• 3-Retrieval
• The process of remembering information stored in long-term memory.
• Example
• Memory of your som drinking juice.
• Encoding and transfer of information
• We have to encode information before storing it.
• There are three main ways in which information can be encoded/changed:
• ~Visual (picture)
• ~Acoustic (sound)
• ~Semantic (meaning)
TYPES OF MEMORY
TYPES OF MEMORY

• Short-term memory
• Short-term memory allow you to store and use temporary information.
• The capacity to store a small amount of information in the mind and keep it readily available
for a short period of time. Short-term memory is very brief. When short-term memories are not
rehearsed or actively maintained, they last mere seconds
• Examples.
• 1- Where you parked car this morning
• 2-Where you had for lunch yesterday
 BADDELEY EXPERIMENT ON SHORT TERM
MEMORY

• Short term memory relies primarily on an acoustic

rather than semantic code.
• He compared recall performance for lists of f
acoustically confusable word’s Such as Map, Cabin,
mad, man , cup __with list of acoustically distinct
wowords such as cow, pit day, rig and bun.
• He found that performance was much worse for the
visual presentation of acoustically similar words.
CONCLUSION OF SHORT TERM MEMORY

• Work investigating how information is encoded in short term had shown clear evidence
however at least semantic encoded in short term memory
• Encoding in short term memory appears to be primarily acoustic but there may some
secondary semantic encoding as well.
• We are prone to forgetting visual information that acoustic information.
For example:
When you remember telephone number from along ago, you are more likely to remember
how it sounds when you say it to yourself than to remember a visual image of it.
LONG TERM MEMORY

Long term memory refers to unlimited storage information to be

maintained for long period, even for life.
For example:
Long term memory include recollection of important day,
in the past.
• Work skills you learn in your first job.
LONG TERM STORAGE

• Most information stored in long term memory is primarily semantic encoded. In other
words it is encoded by the meaning of word’s.

Experiment:
Participants in a research learned a list of 41 word’s. Five minutes after learning took
place , participants were given a recognition test. Included in the recognition test were
distracters items that appear to be legitimate choice’s but that are not correct alternatives.
Nine of the distracters were semantically related to words on list .Nine were not.
Transfer of Short term memory
to Long term memory
CONCEPT OF DECAY
CONCEPT OF INTERFERENCE
TRANSFER DEPENDS ON THE
FOLLOWING

Declarative memory Non declarative

memory
NEUROSCIENCE:
NEUROSCIENCE:

So basically, neuroscience also called neural science,

studies about our nervous system. This means how our
nervous system works, how it is structured and how it
develops. There are billions of neurons in our brain
that transmit information like messages.
Neuroscience also involves the study of branches such
as psychology and biology. So that we can better now
the factors like learning, memory, behavior and
perception.
HISTORY OF
NEUROSCIENCE:
HISTORY OF NEUROSCIENCE:

If we talk about its history, people started to explore it long ago because around 1700 BC,
the Egyptians had a little bit of knowledge, related to human beings and their disorders.
And some Greek Philosophers like Pluto and Aristotle have talked about it and even
today the interest of people is constantly increasing regarding brain and its functions and
due to this interest, many organizations started related to neuroscience.
MEMORY
CONSOLIDATION:
MEMORY CONSOLIDATION:

CONSOLIDATION:
Consolidation literally means “to gather, to strengthen,” and if we understand it in the term of psychology, we can
say “to gather the data” or “to gather the information.”
Memory Consolidation term was first given by a Roman Teacher.
This was followed by Ribot’s Law Of Regression in 1882, which also partially mentioned memory consolidation
and stated that
“Progressive Destruction Advances Progressively From The Unstable To Stable”.
Consolidation term was given by German researcher Muller and his student Alfons Pilzecker they discover the
concept and said in their statement that “Memory Take Time To Fixate Or Undergo Consolidating”.
MEMORY CONSOLIDATION:

Memory Consolidation Is A Category

Of Processes That Stabilize A
Memory Trace After Its Initial
Acquisition.
ORAGANIZATION OF
INFORMATION
ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION:

To organize this
Concept is categorized
staggering amount of Organization is the
into linguistic
information, Brain has second part of the
information, images,
developed a file perception process.
ideas or memories.
cabinet.

We pattern things
And for the brain to
through three ways,
process information,
proximity, similarity,
it must first be stored.
and difference.
MNEMONIC DEVICES
 MNEMONIC DEVICE

• Mnemonic device are specific techniques to

help you memorize list of word essentially such
device add meaning to otherwise meaningless
are arbitrary list of items .
• Even music can be used as a mnemonic device
when a well known or easy melody is used and
connected with the material that needs to be
learn . Music can even serve as a retrieval cue.
TECHNIQUES
 TECHNIQUES

1 .Categorical Clustering

 ”Organiz e a list of items into a set of categories.”

Example: 
if you needed to remember to buy apples, milk, bagels, grapes, yogurt,
rolls, Swiss cheese, grapefruit, and lettuce, you would be better able to do so if
you tried to memorize the items by categories: fruits—apples, grapes,
grapefruit; dairy products—milk, yogurt, Swiss cheese; bread—bagels, rolls;
vegetables—lettuce
2 . INTERACTIVE IMAGES

“ Create interactive images that link the isolated words in a list.”

Example: 
Suppose you have to remember to buy socks, guavas, and a
pair of scissors. Now you might imagine using scissors to cut a
sock that has guava stuffed in
 3 . PEGWORD SYSTEM

“ Associate each new word with a word on a previously memorized

the list and form an interactive image between the two words.”
Examples: 
for example if the pages are the rhyming pair’s, one is a bun,
two is a shoe . The first items to be remember with the bun and
second with a shoes.
4 . METHOD OF LOCI

“ Visualize walking around an area with distinctive landmarks

that you know well, and then link the various landmarks to
specific items to be remembered”
Example
for example, to remember or shopping list each product
could be imagined at a different location along a familiar street.
 5 . ACRONYMS

• Acronyms are a type of mnemonic device, which

Acronyms are made up of the first letter of all the words
in sequential order
• Acronyms are usually to remember a line of words that
make up a name of a disease or organisation.
Example
PEN = protons, electron , neutron .
UK = for the United Kingdom.
 6 . ACROSTICS

• An acrostic is a mnemonic device or a technique

used to improve memory.
• From a sentence rather than a single word to help
you remember the new words.
Example
for example to remember the colour of the
rainbow _ red , orange, yellow, green, blue, violet you
could use the acrostic Roy G – Biv.
 7 . KEYWORD SYSTEM
•The keyword method is a mnemonic device, or mechanism such as an image or
rhyme used to help memorize something.
• The keyword method is when a person uses what a word sounds like to visualize
something memorable that will help them later recall the definition
Example
We use the word “Deleterious “ mean harmful to all living things. .here a
sentence using it the pollution caused by the excessive burning of fuel is Deleterious.
HENRY L. ROEDIGER
• Henry was an American Psychology researcher
in the area of human Learning & Memory.
• Main Methods of Henry’s study of
Retrieval/Recall Memory include:
• Free Recall criterion
• Serial Recall Criterion
• Cued Recall Criterion
• Recognition
FREE RECALL CRITERION

• A type of memory task in

which participants attempt to
remember previously studied
information in any order.
SERIAL RECALL CRITERION
• Serial recall is the ability to recall items
or events in the order in which they
occurred.
•  The ability of humans to store items in
memory and recall them is important to
the use of language.
• Imagine recalling the different parts of a
sentence, but in the wrong order. 
CUED RECALL CRITERION
• Cued recall is the retrieval of
memory with the help of cues. Such
cues are often semantic.
• RECOGNITION:
• Recognition memory involves the
ability to identify stimuli based on
previous experience with them.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MNEMONIC DEVICES
IN RECALL
• The Rehearsal Method: • The Loci method :
• It to refer to mental techniques for helping us
• It relies on spatial relationships between
remember information.
“loci” (e.g., locations on a familiar route or
• The Mental Image Method:
rooms in a familiar building) to arrange and
• It can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual recollect memorial content.
repre­sentation in the absence of environ­mental input.
• The peg method:
• The Link Method :
• It’s a type of recall method used to remember
• A similar method is the peg-word system,
multiple items. a memory aid that involves linking words
with numbers.
METAMEMORY
• Metamemory refers to our
knowledge and awareness of
our own memory processes.
• Accordingly, research in
metamemory is concerned with
how individuals monitor and
control learning and memory.
RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY
• Retrospective memory is the memory
of people, words, and events
encountered or experienced in the
past. 
• Example:
• Remembering something that was
learned in the past, Learning a list of 10
words and then recalling them five
minutes later.
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY
• Prospective memory is defined as
the ability to remember to carry
out intended actions in the future.
• Example:
• Remembering to take medicine at
night before going to bed.
THANK YOU