Digital Image Processing

Bridge Course
Expected Black Hole
Real Black Hole
Examples of gamma-ray imaging

Bone scan Prepared by: G. Shiva - AP/EIE PET image 32

Examples of gamma-ray imaging

Cygnus Loop Gamma radiation (bright spot)

from a reactor valve.

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 Examples of X-ray imaging

Chest X-ray
Head CT

Aortic angiogram

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Examples of X-ray imaging - Circuit boards

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Cygnus Loop

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 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
• Fluorescence microscopy is a method for studying materials
that can be made to fluoresce, either in their natural form
(primary fluorescence) or when treated with chemicals
capable of fluorescing (secondary fluorescence).

Normal corn Corn infected by smut Cygnus Loop

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 IMAGING IN THE VISIBLE AND INFRARED
BANDS

Taxol (anticancer Cholesterol— Microprocessor—

agent), magnified 40 X 60 X
250 X)
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IMAGING IN THE VISIBLE AND INFRARED
BANDS

Nickel oxide Surface of audio Organic superconductor—

thin film—600 X CD—1750 X 450 X

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LANDSAT satellite images of the Washington,
D.C. area

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Thematic bands of NASA’s LANDSAT satellite

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LANDSAT satellite images of Tamilnadu Coast

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Satellite image of Hurricane Katrina taken on
August 29, 2005 and Cyclone Vardha

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Satellite Image Asia

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IMAGING IN THE MICROWAVE BAND

(a) Circuit board controller. (b) Packaged pills. (c) Bottles. (d) Air bubbles in a
clear plastic product. (e) Cereal. (f) Image of intraocular implant
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IMAGING IN THE RADIO BAND

(a) Thumb print. (b) Paper currency. (c) and (d) Automated License plate
reading.
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OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

Spaceborne radar image of Mountainous region in

southeast Tibet

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OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

MRI images of a human knee, and spine

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 OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

Images of the Crab Pulsar (in the center of each image) covering the
electromagnetic spectrum

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 OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

Cross-sectional image of a seismic model. The arrow points to a

hydrocarbon (oil and/or gas) trap.

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 OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

Examples of Ultrasound imaging. (a) A fetus. (b) Another view of the

fetus. (c) Thyroids. (d) Muscle layers showing lesion
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 OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

(a) 250 × SEM image of a tungsten filament following thermal failure (note the
shattered pieces on the lower left). (b) 2500 × SEM image of a damaged integrated
circuit. The white fibers are oxides resulting from thermal destruction

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 OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

(a) and (b) Fractal images. (c) and (d) Images generated from 3-D computer models
of the objects shown.
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 Image (Analog Image)
• An image (Analog) may be defined as a two-
dimensional function, f(x, y), where x and y
are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y)
is called the intensity or gray level of the
image at that point.

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 Digital Image
• When x, y, and the intensity values of f are all
finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a
digital image.

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Human Eye
Distribution of rods and cones in the retina
 Image Formation in the Eye
• In an ordinary photographic camera, the lens
has a fixed focal length. Focusing at various
distances is achieved by varying the distance
between the lens and the imaging plane,
where the film (or imaging chip in the case of
a digital camera) is located.
• In the human eye, the converse is true.
Image Formation in the Eye
• Experimental evidence indicates that
subjective brightness (intensity as perceived
by the human visual system) is a logarithmic
function of the light intensity incident on the
eye.
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
• The key point in interpreting the impressive dynamic range depicted is
that the visual system cannot operate over such a range simultaneously.
• Rather, it accomplishes this large variation by changing its overall
sensitivity, a phenomenon known as brightness adaptation.
• For a given set of conditions, the current sensitivity level of the visual
system is called the brightness adaptation level(Ba).
• The short intersecting curve (Bb)represents the range of subjective
brightness that the eye can perceive when adapted to this level.
• This range is rather restricted, having a level below which, all stimuli are
perceived as indistinguishable blacks.
• The upper portion of the curve is not actually restricted but, if extended
too far, loses its meaning because much higher intensities would simply
raise the adaptation level higher than Ba
 Basic experimental setup used to
characterize brightness discrimination
 Brightness Discrimination
• If ΔI is not bright enough, the subject says “no,” indicating no perceivable
change.
• As ΔI gets stronger, the subject may give a positive response of “yes,”
indicating a perceived change.
• Finally, when ΔI is strong enough, the subject will give a response of “yes” all
the time.
• The quantity ΔIc / I, where ΔIc is the increment of illumination discriminable
50% of the time with background illumination I, is called the Weber ratio.
• A small value of ΔIc / I means that a small percentage change in intensity is
discriminable. This represents “good” brightness discrimination.
• Conversely, a large value of ΔIc / I means that a large percentage change in
intensity is required for the eye to detect the change. This represents “poor”
brightness discrimination.
Brightness Discrimination
Mach bands by Ernst Mach,1865.
Mach bands by Ernst Mach,1865.
 Illustration of the Mach band effect.
Perceived intensity is not a simple function of actual intensity.
Examples of simultaneous contrast. All the
inner squares have the same intensity, but
they appear progressively darker as the
background becomes lighter.
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