Electrochemical processes

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Electrolysis

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Electrolyte

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Faradays Laws

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Components' of Electrolysis

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Applications of Electrolysis

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Electro deposition

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 Electroplating metals
• The metals and alloy substrates electroplated on a
commercial scale are cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, indium, iron, lead, nickel, platinum group metals, silver,
tin, zinc, brass, bronze, many gold alloys, lead-tin, nickel-iron,
nickel-cobalt, nickel-phosphorus, tin-nickel, tinzinc, zinc-
nickel, zinc-cobalt, and zinc-iron.

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Components of Electro deposition

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Process of electroplating

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 Process of electroplating
• The electrodes are immersed in the electrolyte with the anode connected
to the positive leg of the power supply and the cathode to the negative leg.
• As the current is increased from zero, a point is reached where metal
plating begins to occur on the cathode.
• The plating tank is either made of or lined with totally inert materials to
protect the tank.
• Anodes can be either soluble or insoluble, with most electroplating baths
using one or the other type.
• The majority of power supplies are solid-state silicon rectifiers, which may
have a variety of modifications, such as stepless controls, constant current,
and constant voltage.
• Plate thickness is dependent on the cathode efficiency of a particular
plating solution, the current density, and the amount of plating time

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 Preparation of tanks for electroplating tank
• The surface on which electroplating is to be carried out must be polished and free of
grease, scale, rust and dirt.
•
In case, the object to be electroplated is not cleaned, polished and degreased, the
deposit formed may not well adhere to the base metal and is likely to peel off.
 
Oils and grease can be removed with the help of soaps, hot alkali solutions or solvents
like CTC and gasoline. Rust, scale and oxides can be removed with the help of various
acid, alkali and salt solutions mechanical abrasion and electrolytic cleaning in hot alkali
solutions.
 
The articles are rinsed or water dipped between every process of cleaning such as
physical cleaning, chemical cleaning, acid dips in order to prevent the carrying over of
one processing solution over to the other.
• The plates must be rinsed in dilute H2SO4 after removing from the electrolyte,
otherwise, the deposit will turn black.

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Polarization in Electrolysis

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 Type of polarization
1. Concentration polarization
2. Chemical polarization

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 Use of polarization
• Use of current densities beyond this limit causes
electrolysis of water and hydrogen will deposit on the
cathode.
• The hydrogen evolved blackens the base metal which
diminishes the rate of metal deposition. This
phenomenon is known as polarization.
• Blackening effect of the base metal can be reduced by
agitating the electrolyte.
• Therefore, while performing the “electroplating process
steps”, appropriate current densities should be us ed.

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Use of polarization factor

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 Factors Governing Electroplating

• Nature of Electrolyte
• Current Density
• Temperature
• Conductivity
• Addition Agents
• Throwing Power

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 Batteries

•A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device

that produces electricity from a chemical reaction.
•Strictly speaking, a battery consists of two or more
cells connected in series or parallel, but the term is
generally used for a single cell.
• A cell consists of a negative electrode; an electrolyte,
which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion
conductor; and a positive electrode

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 Batteries
• The electrolyte may be aqueous (composed of
water) or nonaqueous (not composed of water), in
liquid, paste, or solid form.
• When the cell is connected to an external load, or
device to be powered, the negative electrode
supplies a current of electrons that flow through
the load and are accepted by the positive electrode.
• When the external load is removed the reaction
ceases.

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 Type of Batteries
• A primary battery is one that can convert its
chemicals into electricity only once and then
must be discarded.
• A secondary battery has electrodes that can
be reconstituted by passing electricity back
through it; also called a storage or
rechargeable battery, it can be reused many
times.

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Rechargeable cells

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 Charging circuit for batteries
The charger has three key functions
• Getting the charge into the battery (Charging)
• Optimising the charging rate (Stabilising)
• Knowing when to stop (Terminating)

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• Constant Voltage
• A constant voltage charger is basically a DC power supply
which in its simplest form may consist of a step down
transformer from the mains with a rectifier to provide the
DC voltage to charge the battery. Such simple designs are
often found in cheap car battery chargers. The lead-acid
cells used for cars and backup power systems typically use
constant voltage chargers. In addition, lithium-ion cells
often use constant voltage systems, although these usually
are more complex with added circuitry to protect both the
batteries and the user safe

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 Nickel cadmium battery
• A nickel cadmium battery converts chemical
energy to electrical energy upon discharge
and converts electrical energy back to
chemical energy upon recharge.

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 Active Materials of Nickel–Cadmium Battery

• Nickel Hydroxide Ni(OH)2 acts as the positive

plate , It’s preparation and composition is same
as the positive plate in Nickle-Iron battery.
• * The spongy Cadmium (Cd) acts as the negative
plate.
• Although the electrolyte does not enter into
chemical reaction with plates or any other
chemical, it is made up of Potassium Hydroxide
(KOH) solution with specific gravity of 1.
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 Nickel cadmium battery
• In a fully discharged NiCd battery, the cathode
contains nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH)2] and cadmium
hydroxide [Cd(OH)2] in the anode.
• When the battery is charged, the chemical
composition of the cathode is transformed and the
nickel hydroxide changes to nickel oxyhydroxide
[NiOOH].
• In the anode, cadmium hydroxide is transformed to
cadmium. As the battery is discharged, the process is
reversed, as shown in the following formula.
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 Working Principle:

• The chemical reaction in the Nickle-Cadmium battery or cell is perfectly

reversible.
• When fully charged the positive plate is Ni(OH) 2 and Negative plate is
Cd(OH)2 , While discharging the  Positive plate converts into Ni(OH)3 and
the negative plate is converted into pure Cd.
• The chemical conversion is reverted when a discharged battery is
charged again.
• While Charging:
• 2Ni(OH)2 + 2KOH + 2Cd(OH)2 + Electrical Energy = 2Ni(OH)3 + 2KOH + Cd
• And while discharging:
• 2Ni(OH)3 + 2KOH + Cd = 2Ni(OH)2 + 2KOH + 2Cd(OH)2 + Electrical Energy

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 Electrical Characteristics:

• The average EMF of Nickle-Cadmium battery is 1.2 V

per cell. However, the EMF of a cell can go as high as
up to 1.4 v , when the cell is fully charged.
• The average charging voltage of Nickle-Cadmium
battery is 1.45 V and trickle charging rating is 1.35 V.
• The Ampere-hour efficiency under normal operating
conditions is about 80% and watt-hour efficiency is
about 65%.
• The self discharge rate is about 10% per month and
energy density is about 40-60 watt-hour per kg.
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 Advantages of Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

• tolerates deep discharges over long periods

• More charge/discharge cycles than other rechargeable
batteries for longer battery life

• Higher energy density, lighter and more compact than

lead-acid batteries. NiCd is preferable when size and
weight are key factors, such as in airplanes.
• Lower self-discharge rate than nickel-metal hydride
(NiMH) batteries (20 percent per month versus 30
percent per month)
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 Limitations of Nickel cadmium cells

• Relatively low specific energy compared with

newer systems
• Memory effect; needs periodic full discharges and
can be rejuvenated
• Cadmium is a toxic metal. Cannot be disposed of in
landfills
• High self-discharge; needs recharging after storage
• Low cell voltage of 1.20V requires many cells to
achieve high voltage
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