Communication Processes,

Principles and Ethics

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATI
ON
 Communication

“common” “communico”

belonging to confer
to many with others
It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas and
understanding by any effective means.
Communication is a process by which people
send messages or exchange thoughts with one
another in a verbal or non-verbal manner.
“Communication is a two-way street.”
“Effective communication
enables you to communicate
even negative or difficult
messages without creating
conflict or destroying
trust.”
“We belong to an era where
opportunity for
communication is rampant.”
 sender

feedback message

ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATI
receiver ON
channel

noise
context
 Principles and
Characteristics of
Communication
 Communication is schemata driven

• The theory states that all knowledge/data is

organized into units. Each unit is a schema.
Within each schema information is stored – this
information can pertain to anything.
• Schemata are the cornerstones for our knowledge
and decisions, without them quick thinking
wouldn’t be possible.
• Transmitted messages become understandable or
meaningful because of your background
knowledge about the messages.
 Communication is an interpretative act

The sender has the absolute knowledge

about his/her message therefore the role of
the receiver is just to interpret, infer, or
guess the meaning of things appealing to
his sense of hearing.
Communication does not guarantee a direct
or automatic link between two minds

This form of knowledge becomes

meaningful only to others when you initiate
to communicate with them.
Communication is active, powerful or forceful

• It is active because it engages speakers

and listeners in action of giving and
receiving information.
• It is powerful and forceful for it elicits
different meanings or reactions.
 Communication is symbolic

• Symbols, signs or marks

like letters, words,
sentences graphs, pictures
and other concrete objects
represent or stand for ideas
that you intend to convey
verbally.
• For non-verbal
communication, you resort
to bodily actions.
 Communication always results in
something
It is impossible for any person
communicating not to get any response or
reaction at all from his listeners
 Communication is irreversible

You are free to talk about anything

under the sun, but once you utter
something, the things you have said
remain as it is susceptible to different
interpretations or meanings.
 Communication is contextual
Communication also takes into consideration the
time, place, topic, occasion, purpose and manner
of communication.
 Communication is
developmental or progressive
• To communicate ideas is to go through
the different stages of language learning
that begins from birth to elementary, high
school, and college levels.
• It is not a one time learning towards
communicative competence.
 Communication is a process

Several stages of communication take

place when people exchange or share ideas
with one another. Each stage involves
elements with different functions.
 Communication is ethical

Any communication event is expected to apply

rules, moral values and beliefs agreed upon by
societal members and cultural group you belong
 Communication is influenced by
media and technology
• You are in the era of “knowledge explosion”
or modern technology.

• Using modern electronic communication

devices, an exchange of ideas occurs just in
seconds or minutes regardless of the distance
between or among the participants.
 Flow of Communication

D
O LATERAL
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A
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 Communication
Cues:
Verbal and Non-verbal
Language
 Verbal Language

Consist of symbols such as letters,

words, and other marks that you
need to subject to language or
grammar rules for a organized
means of understanding or
expressing ideas.
 Verbal Language

This will become written language

once you put it in a paper or any
surface the marks or prints
symbolizing or representing the
ideas you intend to convey or
have spoken to others.
 Verbal Language

Verbal symbols refer to

the use of speaker
language. (Atonio
et.al., p. 30)
 Non-verbal Language

Norms for non-verbal communication vary

from country to country and also among
cultures within a particular country
Some non-verbal communication behaviors
appear to be somewhat innate because they
are universally recognized.

Eyebrow flash
Open hand/palm up
smile
Non-verbal Language Symbols
 BODY MOVEMENTS
• Gestures
• Facial expressions
• Posture
• Eye behavior

Kinesics came from the word

“kinesis”=motion-refers to the study of body
movements.
 PARALANGUAGE
These are extra sounds that go with your spoken words

PARALINGUISTIC-study of special sounds accompanying words.

Pitch
Volume
Duration
Intonation
Quality

B) Vocalization or voice’s special usage like crying, giggling, moaning,

growling, yawning, sighing and groaning
C) Vocal pauses or boosters like ash…ugh…umm…oh…shh…oopss and
many others
 TIME

Your willingness, hesitance, or hatred to

wait for a long time speaks of your trait of
patience or impatience.

Chronemics is the term that refers to your

act of studying the impact or effect of time
on your behavior.
 PROXEMICS
A space or distance symbolizes or represents
your thoughts or feelings about your world.

HAPTICS-is the term used to refer to your acts

of studying the effects of your touch on people.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND OBJECT
LANGUAGE

• Dressing styles
• Body types
• Body appearance etc..
The culturally confused pay a
high price.
Cultural misunderstandings often lead to
lost opportunities and increased levels of
tension between people
In Muslim cultures, showing the sole of a shoe
is observed as insulting.

Crossing your legs in Korea is a social faux pas

• Blinking while another person talks is
considered normal to North Americans, to
Taiwanese it is considered impolite.
• McDonald’s fast-food chain unintentionally
offended thousands of Muslims when it
printed an excerpt from the Koran on its
throwaway hamburger bags. Muslims saw
this is sacrilegious. The mistake could
have been avoided if McDonald’s had
displayed greater sensitivity and
awareness.
• The Japanese view business card as an
extension of a person, while Americans
view it as a business formality and a
convenience. Consequently, while the
Japanese handle business cards with great
care and making certain to put them in
safe places. Americans are quick to put
them away and thus often end up
insulting the Japanese.
Eye contact preferences also differ across
cultures. Americans place a high value on
eye-to-eye communication and tend to
distrust those who fail to look at them
directly. In contrast, the Japanese believe
that eye contact over a sustained period of
time shows disrespect. Among Asian
cultures, too much eye contact is deemed
intrusive. Arabs on the other hand, maintain
direct eye contact with those they interact
with for prolonged periods.