ch24 Sec1

Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe
During the Franco-Prussian War, the Prussian army captured the French
emperor, Napoleon III. The French formed a Government of National
Defense to carry on the war until it ended in January 1871. Prussian
statesman Otto von Bismarck rubbed in his victory by annexing the
provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, demanding an indemnity of 5 billion
francs, and organizing a victory march through Paris. He also
proclaimed Wilhelm I of Prussia the new German emperor in the Hall of
Mirrors at Versailles, just outside of Paris.
1. How would this have made you feel?

2. Each group is to define nationalism and write predictions of the ways in
which nationalism would change the map of Europe.
Italian
Nationalism in Europe Unification Section 1
Section 1
Objective(s): [State Standards Unit]
4.1 understand the development of major systems of world governance.
4.2 understand how individuals are affected differently by varied forms of
governance.
4.3 understand the development of nation-state governments.
Section Objectives:
1. Explain how nationalism grew in Italy after the Congress of Vienna.
2. Identify the role Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward Italian
unification.
3. Explain who Garibaldi and the Red Shirts are and how they helped unite Italy
4. List the Challenges that Italy faced after unification.
Key Terms and Names
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Camilo di Cavour
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Red Shirts
• Victor Emmanuel
Italian Unification
Main Idea
In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified
as the Kingdom of Italy.
Reading Focus
• How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna?
• What role did Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward
Italian unification?
• How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy?
• What challenges did Italy face after unification?
Stirrings of Nationalism
Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of

Roman Empire
• Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into
competing states, each with own government
• Napoleon invaded Italy
– United many states under one government
– Unification did not last
– After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states
• Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

After CongressinofEurope
Nationalism Vienna Section 1
• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress
of Vienna to maintain old Europe, old
relationships
• 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed
beyond repair
• 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe,
fostered by decisions made at Congress of
Vienna
National Groups Ignored
• Congress had ignored national groups,
placing them under control of large empires;
some empires included different ethnic groups
• Italians split into three groups—much of
northern Italy under Austrian rule, other states
under Hapsburgs, still others under a French
ruler
• Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these
conditions
Mazzini and Young Italy

Secret Societies Young Italy
• Italian artists, writers, thinkers • 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe
became interested in Mazzini, launched nationalist
celebrating Italy’s cultural group called Young Italy to fight
traditions for unification of Italian states
• Others formed secret societies • Mazzini had been exiled but
to work for political change, smuggled patriotic pamphlets
plotted to overthrow Austrian into Italy
government in Italy
• Young Italy attracted tens of
thousands of Italians to cause
of unification
Define
What is nationalism?
Answer(s): devotion to one's national group

The Path Toward Unity

As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions.
Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy.
Uprisings, Revolutions Cavour and Sardinia

• 1848, nationalist-inspired • Only successful revolt was in
revolutions spread throughout Sardinia
Europe
• Rulers forced to grant new
• In some Italian states, citizens constitution; Sardinia remained
rebelled against Austrian rule independent
– Piedmont declared war • One of most important leaders of
against Austria, fought for Italian unification emerged,
year, was defeated Camillo di Cavour
– Others seized Rome, 1849; • Founded nationalist newspaper, Il
French troops helped pope Risorgimento—“resurgence” or
regain control “rebirth”
Sardinia and Italy

Kingdom of Sardinia Economy
• 1852, Cavour became prime • Cavour worked to build
minister of independent Sardinian economy
Kingdom of Sardinia
• Believed Italy should be reborn
• Believed thriving economy as monarchy
important for Italy to be reborn
Ally France’s Support
• Cavour in position to cultivate • France agreed to support
powerful ally Sardinia in war against Austria
• Supported France in war with • 1860, northern Italian states
Russia; gave France provinces liberated from control of
of Savoy, Nice Austrian Empire
Identify Cause and Effect
How did Cavour help Sardinia break free

from the Austrian Empire?
Answer(s): He cultivated an alliance with the

French.
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

Sword of Italy
• Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart”
• Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy
• Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833
Exile
• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice
• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America
• Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination
Return
• 1854, Garibaldi returned for good
• Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria
• After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia
Control and Elections

The Red Shirts Unification
• Followers known as Red Shirts • 1861, territories held elections, all
because of colorful uniforms agreed to unification
• By July 1860, using guerilla • Holdouts were Venetia, still
warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts belonging to Austria; Papal States,
gained control of island of Sicily under French troops supporting
pope
• September, Garibaldi, Sardinian
troops conquered Naples • 1866, Prussia defeated Austria,
gave Venetia to Italy
• Red Shirts now controlled southern
part Italian peninsula • 1870, Prussia forced French to
withdraw from Rome
• Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two
Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor • Italian troops entered Rome,
Emmanuel completed unification under King
Victor Emmanuel
Find the Main Idea
What actions led Garibaldi to be called the

“sword” of Italian unification?
Answer(s): He used guerilla tactics to gain control

of the southern Italian states.
Challenges After Unification

In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges.
Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social
and economic problems.
Social, Economic Poverty, Emigration Reforms

Problems
• Strong regional • Poverty serious • Voting reform a major
differences led to lack problem, caused priority
of unity many to emigrate
• 1870, only wealthiest
• Southern Italians • 1880s, large numbers Italian men could vote
resented being left Italy, many for
• By late 1800s most
governed by Rome Americas
adult male taxpayers
• Catholic Church did • Unemployment, rising could vote
not recognize Italy as taxes led to rioting,
legitimate nation violence
Reforms and Empire

• As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed
reforms including laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor
• Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to
improve cities, encourage industry
A New Foreign Policy Empire Building

• 1882, Italy formed military alliance • Italy tried to build empire
with Austria-Hungary, Germany
• Tried to gain control over Ethiopia
• Agreed to defend each other
• Failed after being defeated by
against any possible attack
larger Ethiopian army, 1896
• Arrangement known as Triple
• 1911, Italy declared war on
Alliance; this, other alliances,
Ottoman Empire; gained territory in
brought Europe to war in 1914
Africa
Summarize
What problems did Italy face after

unification?
Answer(s): Regional differences kept the nation

from being truly united; pope did not recognize
Italy as a legitimate nation; widespread poverty
caused many Italians to emigrate.

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Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Nationalism in Europe Section 1

1. How would this have made you feel?

Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of

• Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

Mazzini and Young Italy

Answer(s): devotion to one's national group

The Path Toward Unity

Uprisings, Revolutions Cavour and Sardinia

Sardinia and Italy

Identify Cause and Effect

How did Cavour help Sardinia break free

Answer(s): He cultivated an alliance with the

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

Control and Elections

Find the Main Idea

What actions led Garibaldi to be called the

Answer(s): He used guerilla tactics to gain control

Challenges After Unification

Social, Economic Poverty, Emigration Reforms

Reforms and Empire

A New Foreign Policy Empire Building

What problems did Italy face after

Answer(s): Regional differences kept the nation

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