FTTH Installation

Training
Lecture # 3
Prepared by
Syed Waqar Hasan
Assistant Manager (NTRN)
 Training Contents
 Copper Cabling Design and Concepts
 Frequency
 Bandwidth
 Electromagnetic Interference
 Resistance
 Inductance
 Capacitance
 Impedance
 Training Contents
 Insertion Loss
 Attenuation
 Return Loss
 Cross Talk
 Near End Cross Talk
 Far End Cross Talk
 American Wire Gauge
 Decibel
 Training Contents
 Balanced and Unbalanced Cables
 Insulation
 Dielectric Strength
 Dissipation Factor
 Skin Effect
 Solid Vs Stranded Conductors
 Bending Radius
 Earthing /Grounding
 Copper Cabling Design and Concepts

• This Section deals with the design concepts of

copper cabling and factors affecting
performance of cable.
 Frequency
 Frequency is defined as number of cycles a signal is repeated in
a given time period.

 If one cycle is completed in one second, frequency would be 1

hertz.

 50 cycles in 1 sec = 50 Hz
 1,000 cycles in 1 sec = 1 KHz
 1 million cycles in 1 sec = 1 MHz
 1 billion cycles in 1 sec = 1 GHz
 1 trillion cycles in 1 sec = 1 THz
 Bandwidth
 This is information handling capacity of the
media, i.e., size of the highway.

 Megahertz quantifies the bandwidth of the

cable.

 Megabits refer to the number of bits of

information that can be transported over the
media, i.e., vehicles on the highway.
 Bandwidth
 Number of bits that can be transported over the media
is determined by the type of encoding scheme used in
a system.

 With simplest encoding scheme, one bit may be

transported by one cycle (a single vehicle).

 More complex encoding schemes may have multiple

bits of information transported in a single cycle, i.e.,
multiple cars loaded on a trailer.
 Electromagnetic Interference
 All electrical activity produces magnetic energy
and its penetration to other sources creates
electromagnetic interference (EMI).

 Cables should have protection from EMI.

 EMI comes from other cables, motors,

fluorescent lights, switching power supplies, etc.
Electromagnetic Interference
 Resistance
 Resistance is property of a conductor to oppose the flow of electricity
through it.

 Resistance is expressed in ohms.

 One ohms of resistance will allow one ampere of current to flow

when one volt of electrical pressure is applied.

 Ohms law, V = I x R

 Higher temperatures increase conductor resistance by 2% for each

5.5 C rise.
 Inductance
 Inductance is property of an electrical force
field build around a conductor that opposes
any changes in current flow in a circuit.

 It is measured in Henry (H).

 Capacitance
 Capacitance is property of conductors that allows storage
of electrical charges when potential difference (voltages)
exist between the conductors.

 It is measured in farads (F).

 Capacitance is considered undesirable in cables and

should be minimized.

 It’s effected by improper cable insulation.

 Impedance
 Total opposition to current flow is called impedance.
This is combined effect of resistance, inductive
reactance and capacitive reactance of the circuit.

 Every cable has impedance and its value is

determined by:
 Material and diameter of conductor
 Distance between conductors
 Insulating value (dielectric constant of the material)
separating them.
 Insertion Loss
 Measure of a signal loss resulting from
insertion of a component or link between
transmitter and receiver.
 Attenuation
 The measure of how much a signal reduced in amplitude
(voltage) as it’s transmitted over a cable.

 Measured in dB per unit length at a given frequency. As

frequency or length increases, attenuation increases.

 A loss of usable signal to the load or receiver, the lower

the dB value, the better.

 Higher attenuation means less available signal.

 Return Loss
 Ratio of power of inserted signal to the power of reflected
signal.

 When the termination (load) impedance doesn’t match

(equal) the value of impedance of transmission line, some of
signal energy is reflected back towards the source and not
delivered to the load.

 The amount of reflected energy is affected by the degree of

impedance mismatch between the load and cable.
 Cross Talk
 Unwanted transfer of a signal’s electromagnetic
energy from one or more circuits to other circuits is
called cross talk.

 This transfer may be between pairs in close

proximity (pair to pair cross talk) or between
adjacent cables, alien cross talk, AXT.

 Level of cross talk increases when frequency or cable

length increases but not directly proportional.
 Cross Talk
• Whenever a current flows through a conductor,
a magnetic field is set up around the conductor
in a direction given by the right-hand rule.
 Cross Talk
• Add another conductor pair
 Cross Talk
 Bringing another pair of conductors close to
the first, the fields of first line cuts through the
plane of the new line, and this has the effect
of inducing current into the new line.

 We have created a very long narrow

transformer, and have caused a coupling
between the two lines which is crosstalk.
 Cross Talk
 Magnetic fields are not pointing in the same
direction all along the length of the line. At
every twist, the direction is reversed, so the
net effect on the adjacent pair is cancelled
out.
 Near End Cross Talk

 Measure of unwanted signal jumping from a

transmitter at the near end into another pair
measured at the near end.
 Far End Cross Talk
 Measure of unwanted signal jumping from a
transmitter at the near end into a neighboring
pair measured at the far end.
Near End and Far End Cross Talk
 American Wire Gauge
 American Wire Gauge is a standardized wire
gauge system used to measure the diameter of round
solid electrically conducting wires.

 Larger AWG value means small diameter of wire.

 6 AWG is 4.1 mm dia (0.16 in)

 23 AWG is 0.57 mm dia (0.022 in)
 24 AWG is 0.51 mm dia (0.020 in)
 26 AWG is 0.41 mm dia (0.016 in)
 Decibel
 The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that
indicates the ratio of a physical quantity
(usually power or intensity) relative to a
specified or implied reference level.
 Balanced Cables
 Balance is defined in terms of the impedance
of the two signal conductors with respect to a
reference, which is usually ground. If these
impedances are equal and non-zero, the
system is balanced.

 Physical construction of both conductors of a

pair is the same.
 Unbalanced Cables
• The impedances of the two signal conductors
are unequal.

• Physical Construction of both conductors is

not the same.
 Insulation
 Insulation (also called dielectric) is used to isolate the flow of
current by preventing direct contact between:
 Conductors
 Conductor and environment

 Dielectrics also reduce EMI

 Historically, telecom cables were insulated with:

 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) for indoor use
 PE (polyethylene) for outdoor use, better transmission
performance but not fire resistant.
 Dielectric Strength
 Dielectric strength is max voltage that
insulation can withstand without breakdown.
A high value is preferred.
 Dissipation Factor
 Dissipation factor is relative power loss in
insulation due to molecular excitement and
subsequent kinetic and thermal energy losses.

 This is area of concern in high frequency MHz

ranges where signal loss increases due to
structure of insulating material.

 A low dissipation factor is desirable.

 Skin Effect
 Tendency of AC current to distribute itself within a
conductor so that the current density near the surface
of the conductor is greater than that at its core.

 Electric current tends to flow at the "skin" of the

conductor, at an average depth called the “skin depth”.

 Skin effect causes the effective resistance of the

conductor to increase with the frequency of the current
because much of the conductor carries little current.
 Skin Effect
 Skin depth decreases with increase in
frequency. At 10Ghz, the depth is less than a
micron.

 At high frequencies, most of the current in a

good conductor flows in an extremely thin
region near the surface.
Solid Versus Stranded Conductors
 Twisting or stranding together a number of small
gauge conductors creates stranded conductors.
 Advantages of stranded cables include:
 More flexible
 Longer flex life
 Less susceptible to damage during crimping
 Disadvantages:
 Costly
– Can only be used in short distances
Solid Versus Stranded Conductors
 Advantages of solid conductor cable include:
– Less costly
– Less complex termination system
– Better transmission at higher frequencies
– Cover longer distance
 Bending Radius
 Each cable has a bending radius.

 No cable should be bend sharply.

 Typical Minimum Bend Radius for Cat 5/5E UTP is 5x

the OD of the Cable, about one inch.

 Coaxial cable bending radius is 6 times outer

diameter of cable.
 Earthing /Grounding
 Electrical Circuits may be connected to ground
for safety reasons.

 Earthing is must for each POP equipment

individually.