TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION
2 Winding
Auto transformer
Earthing transformer
Reactor
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Why transformer is needed?
• Take a task of transmitting a power of
1000W.
Power = Voltage x Current W
Required current at various voltages to transmit 1000W is given below
(I=P/V A)
If voltage = 10V current = 100A
voltage = 100V current = 10A
voltage = 1000V current = 1A
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 What is advantage of less current flow?

• Conductors posses resistance. So current flowing through resistance

causes voltage drop (IxR), power loss (I^2xR). This power loss generates
heat which further increases resistance. So less current flow lesser losses
and higher effiency.
• The cross sectional area of the conductor has to be increased to have large
current flow.
• Large value of current causes skin effects.

At the same time increase in voltage also requires higher value of insulation
which increases the overall cost of the system.
Hence the transmission voltage is chosen based on techno-commercial values.

Also there is a limit on the generator voltage. Typically 6.6kV, 11kV, 22kV
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Need of Transformer
• In order to raise the voltage at the
beginning of transmission line (generating
stations) and to lower it to various levels in
sub-transmission, distribution & utilization
levels a transformer is required.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Transformer Characteristics
• Input power is equal to output power. (Neglecting losses)
• The raising or lowering of voltage is accompanied with
corresponding lowering or raising of current.
• There is no change in frequency.
• Output waveform is an exact replica of Input waveform.
(Except during inrush and saturation)
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Basic Construction
• Basically a transformer consists of two
windings on a magnetic core. The winding
to which power is given is called Primary
Winding. The winding from which
transformed power is taken out is called
Secondary winding.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Principle of Operation
• When a sinusoidal voltage is applied across a winding (1), a
sinusoidal current flows through it.
• This sinusoidal current flowing through winding (1) (Coil of many
turns) sets up a sinusoidal magnetic field.
(Basic principle: When a current flows through a conductor, a
magnetic field is setup)
• Nearly entire portion of this sinusoidal magnetic field flows through
the magnetic core.
(Magnetic core offers more easy path than air for flow of magnetic
field)
• This magnetic field links with the another winding(2) placed on the
core.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Continued
• This magnetic field linking with the another coil being sinusoidal in
nature induces an emf in the another winding(2).

• So the basic principle for transformer operation is continuously

changing flux in magnetic core. An emf is induced only when there
is change of flux. Sinusoidal wave (current) continuously changes
and hence produces continuous changing flux.
• A Steady DC voltage/current (no change in value) cannot produce
changing flux and hence a transformer cannot work on steady DC.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Formulae used in Transformer
problems
• Transformation Ratio :
( N1 / N2 ) = ( V1 / V2 ) = ( I2 / I1 )
where 1 indicates primary winding &
2 indicates secondary winging.

• Input power = Output power (losses neglected)

V1I1 cos ø = V2I2 cos ø
Transformer doesn’t have its own power factor (Neglecting no load
current). Its power factor is the same as that of the load. Hence
rating of the transformer is specified in VA (KVA, MVA etc)
[Apparent power] and not in watts W (kW, MW etc) [Real power].
As already stated transformer doesn’t introduce any change in
frequency or waveform.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Voltage Regulation
• Broadly explained it is the ratio of voltage deviation to expected
voltage.
% Regulation = Expected voltage – Actual Voltage x 100
Expected voltage

So, we have to implement some mechanism to have constant

voltage at the secondary [customer] even though there is
fluctuations in the primary side [supplier].
This is done in transformers directly changing the turns ratio suitably
to meet the situation. Usually turns ratio is changed in the HV side
since HV winding has lesser current. [As this is a moving
mechanism and its is always advantageous to deal with smaller
current].
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Continued

This mechanism is called as TAP CHANGER. Tap changers are

classified into two types based on the load conditions of operation
a. ON LOAD tap changers
b. OFF LOAD tap changers

ON LOAD tap changers are the one capable of changing turns

ratio without any interruptions in service. [Basically it is motor
operated] eg Transformer used in transmission network.
OFF LOAD tap changers are mostly manually operated and
possible to operate only when the transformer is de-energized.
eg Transformers used in distribution network
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 AUTO-TRANSFORMERS
• Auto transformers have only one winding [for single
phase]. Same winding acts as HV and LV. The VARIAC
we used in our college electrical laboratory is an Auto-
transformer.
• The operation principle is the same as that of two
winding transformer described before is previous slides.
• The only difference between two winding transformer
and auto-transformer is usage of lesser copper wire due
to LV winding forming part of HV winding. Especially
when the transformation is nearing unity auto-
transformer gives great saving in copper.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 continued
• The disadvantage of auto-transformer is, it doesn’t provide electrical
isolation between HV & LV circuits which we get in two winding
transformers.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 TRANSFORMER LOADING
This refers to electrical loading and not to loading & unloading during
transportation and erecting process.
• Say, the Primary (HV/LV) winding is energised with the rated voltage. (Here
onwards rated voltage means voltage of correct magnitude, frequency & sinusoidal without harmonics
It induces a self induced emf in the primary winding
unless specified explicitly)
whose direction is opposite to the applied voltage. Numerically its value is
nearly equal to that of the applied voltage. (since the windings are highly inductive due to
magnetic core)
• An emf is induced in the secondary (LV/HV) winding (mutually induced
emf), which appears as voltage at the secondary winding terminals. Since
the transformer is not loaded, current through secondary winding is ZERO.
• But primary winding carries some current which is utilised for magnetizing
the core due to which emf is induced in the secondary winding. This
current in primary winding is nearly 90 o lagging since windings are highly
inductive circuits.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 continued
• If the resistance of the primary winding is neglected, there is no
power involved in magnetising the core of transformer.
Power = V x I x Cos ø since ø = 90o Cos ø = 0
= 0 watt.

So transformer on ZERO Load [Secondary open circuited] draws

ZERO power. (neglecting losses which is usually very very small.)

• Now when a load is connected to the secondary winding, a currents

start to flow in the secondary winding and creates a magnetic field.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 continued
• The direction of the current flowing in the secondary
winding is opposite to the current flowing in the primary
winding when checked at identical terminals of the two
windings. (The procedure for finding identical terminals of both the
windings is explained latter under heading “POLARITY TEST”.)
• The current being in opposite direction, the magnetic field is also in
opposite direction. The effect of this secondary winding magnetic
field is to reduce the net magnetic field in the core. (Since direction
is opposite, algebraically it has –ve sign. Just for understanding).
• When the net magnetic field in the core reduces, it results in
reduction of the self induced emf (Logically, opposing force for applied voltage) in
the primary winding.
• This increases difference between applied voltage and self induced
emf in the primary winding and thereby current increases in the
primary winding to restore the original magnetic flux in the core.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 continued
• When the secondary load is further increased the above process
repeats and increases the primary current in proportional to
transformation ratio.

Basically the winding of the transformer is classified as HV & LV by

the manufacturer, and it is the user who decides which is Primary
and secondary. The winding to which we give power (HV/LV) is
called Primary winding and the winding from which we take power
(LV/HV) is called Secondary winding.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Identifying terminals & Vector
Groups
• First consider the case of single phase transformers.
Usually one of the primary winding terminal & one of the secondary
winding terminal will have some kind of identical marking indicating
them as identical terminals.
Note down the diagram below. It has 4 terminals, two for primary &
two for secondary. Primary winding is marked as 1U & 1V whereas
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Continued…..
Secondary terminals are marked 2u & 2v. A dot is placed at 1U & 2u. This
dot has some significance. It indicates the direction (polarity) of winding
(voltage) w.r.t other terminal ie when 1U is +ve wrt 1V then 2u is +ve wrt 2v.

This indicates that when 1V & 2v are made as reference for their respective
windings and the phase angle between primary (1U1V) & secondary
(2u2v) voltage measured will give 0 deg phase shift.

Now if 1V & 2u are made as reference for their respective windings and the
phase angle between primary (1U1V) & secondary (2v2u) voltage
measured will give 180 deg phase shift.

Therefore the above two condition may be considered as 12 o clock & 6 o

clock vector group. However this vector has no meaning since it is decided
only by external connections. A single phase transformer can be made as
12 o clock or 6 o clock without any difficulty.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Continued…
This is not the case with 3 phase transformers.
Now let us examine the importance of this 12 o clock & 6 o clock
vector group in single phase transformers. The significance of
vector group lies when there is a need to connect transformers in
parallel. Refer the ckt below.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Continued….
In the above ckt the identical terminals of two different transformers
are connected together. (via corresponding bus bar) This presents
no problem in parallel operation. Now consider below ckt.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 Continued….
In this case, transformer 2 is having 6 o clock vector group, whereas
transformer 1 is having 12 o clock vector group. When these two
transformers are connected parallel in above manner it is worse
than a dead short and there will be enormous short circuit current
limited only by winding resistance & bus bar resistance which is very
very less.

Now answer the questions in next page.

TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 QUESTIONS - 1
1. Can you provide me with other possible connections when
paralleling two, single phase transformers.
2. Is the ckt below correct. If not correct it.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 TRAINING DEPT

SJEC
 QUESTIONS
• Any doubts on previous slides feel free to
get it clarified. All further presentations
depends upon previous slides.

• Next week we will enter into three

transformers and vector groups.
• Please provide your comments on clarity
of information.
TRAINING DEPT

SJEC