TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION
2 Winding
Auto transformer
Earthing transformer
Reactor
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 Why transformer is needed?
• Take a task of transmitting a power of
1000W.
Power = Voltage x Current W
Required current at various voltages to transmit 1000W is given below
(I=P/V A)
If voltage = 10V current = 100A
voltage = 100V current = 10A
voltage = 1000V current = 1A
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 What is advantage of less current flow?

• Conductors posses resistance. So current flowing through resistance

causes voltage drop (IxR), power loss (I^2xR). This power loss generates
heat which further increases resistance. So less current flow lesser losses
and higher effiency.
• The cross sectional area of the conductor has to be increased to have large
current flow.
• Large value of current causes skin effects.

At the same time increase in voltage also requires higher value of insulation
which increases the overall cost of the system.
Hence the transmission voltage is chosen based on techno-commercial values.

Also there is a limit on the generator voltage. Typically 6.6kV, 11kV, 22kV
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 Need of Transformer
• In order to raise the voltage at the
beginning of transmission line (generating
stations) and to lower it to various levels in
sub-transmission, distribution & utilization
levels a transformer is required.
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 Transformer Characteristics
• Input power is equal to output power. (Neglecting losses)
• The raising or lowering of voltage is accompanied with
corresponding lowering or raising of current.
• There is no change in frequency.
• Output waveform is an exact replica of Input waveform.
(Except during inrush and saturation)
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 Basic Construction
• Basically a transformer consists of two
windings on a magnetic core. The winding
to which power is given is called Primary
Winding. The winding from which
transformed power is taken out is called
Secondary winding.
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 Principle of Operation
• When a sinusoidal voltage is applied across a winding (1), a
sinusoidal current flows through it.
• This sinusoidal current flowing through winding (1) (Coil of many
turns) sets up a sinusoidal magnetic field.
(Basic principle: When a current flows through a conductor, a
magnetic field is setup)
• Nearly entire portion of this sinusoidal magnetic field flows through
the magnetic core.
(Magnetic core offers more easy path than air for flow of magnetic
field)
• This magnetic field links with the another winding(2) placed on the
core.
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 Continued
• This magnetic field linking with the another coil being sinusoidal in
nature induces an emf in the another winding(2).

• So the basic principle for transformer operation is continuously

changing flux in magnetic core. An emf is induced only when there
is change of flux. Sinusoidal wave (current) continuously changes
and hence produces continuous changing flux.
• A Steady DC voltage/current (no change in value) cannot produce
changing flux and hence a transformer cannot work on steady DC.
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 QUESTIONS
• Any doubts on previous slides feel free to
get it clarified. All further presentations
depends upon previous slides.
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