ME 8097-Non Destructive

Testing and Evaluation

Prepared by
Mr.I.Manikandan,
AP/Mech
 UNIT I-Overview of NDT

NDT Versus Mechanical testing, Overview of the Non

Destructive Testing Methods for the detection of manufacturing
defects as well as material characterisation. Relative merits and
limitations, Various physical characteristics of materials and
their applications in NDT., Visual inspection – Unaided and
aided.
Material Testing
Materials testing is a respected and established
technique which is used to reveal both the physical and
mechanical properties of raw materials, components or
assembly .

Classification
1. Destructive Testing
2. Non Destructive Testing
Needs to Perform Material Testing
 To evaluate mechanical properties

 To determine chemical composition

 To Select appropriate material for a particular
applications
 Product design and development

 Customer Satisfaction
Classification of Material Testing

1. Destructive Testing

2. Non-Destructive Testing

3. Process Inspection Testing

 Destructive Testing
 In destructive testing tests are carried out to the
specimen's failure, in order to understand a
specimen's performance or material behaviour under
different loads. It is also known as Mechanical
Testing

 It can reveal useful information

about characteristics of materials including ductility,
tensile strength, fracture toughness, etc..
 Destructive Testing Methods
 Tensile test
 Compression test
 Shear test
 Hardness test
 Impact test
 Fatigue test
 Creep test
 Torsion test
 Chemical analysis, etc
Tensile Test

 Used to determine Tensile strength, yield strength, percentage

reduction in area, percentage elongation in length
 Compression Test

Compression test preferred to test brittle materials such as

cast iron, concrete blocks, ceramic products, etc..
Applications like machine foundation requires good
compressive strength than tensile
Hardness Test
-Resistance of metal plastic deformation usually by
indentation.

Classification
Brinell Test
Vicker’s test
Rocwell test
Micro hardness test
Poldi hardness test
Moh’s test
Impact Test
Impact test determines the amount of energy absorbed
by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a
measure of a given material's toughness and acts as a
tool to study temperature-dependent brittle-ductile
transition.

It is to determine whether the material is brittle or

ductile in nature.
i) Charpy Test ii) Izod Test
Fatigue Testing
A fatigue test helps determine a material’s ability to
withstand cyclic fatigue loading conditions.

Cyclic fatigue tests produce repeated loading and

unloading in tension, compression, bending, torsion or
combinations of these stresses.

A fatigue test is also used for the determination of the

maximum load that a sample can withstand for a
specified number of cycles.
 Creep
Creep testing is conducted using a tensile specimen to
which a constant stress is applied at a constant
temperature, often by the simple method of suspending
weights from it. The test is recorded on a graph of strain
versus time.
Torsion Test
Torsion testing is a type of mechanical testing that
evaluates the properties of materials or devices while
under stress from angular displacement.
Chemical Analysis
 Chemical analysis services provide chemical
composition, material identification, trace analysis,
impurity identification moisture analysis and quality
of the materials used in product development,
manufacturing and in-service support activities..
 Non Destructive Testing
 Non-Destructive Testing is the process of inspecting,
testing or evaluating materials, components or
assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in
characteristics without causing any damage to the
part or component.

 NDT also known as non-destructive examination

(NDE), non-destructive inspection (NDI) and non-
destructive evaluation (NDE).
 Objectives of NDT
⮚ Material sorting
⮚ Material characterization
⮚ Property monitoring
⮚ Thickness measurement
⮚ Defect detection/ location
⮚ Defect characterization
⮚ Major task of NDT is to detect and identify the range of defects.
Main objectives
⮚ (i) To detect internal or surface flaws
⮚ (ii)To measure the dimensions of the specimen
⮚ (iii) To determine material structure or chemistry
⮚ (iv) To evaluate material’s physical or mechanical properties.
 When are NDT Methods Used
 There are NDE application at almost any stage in the production
or life cycle of a component.
 To assist in product development

 To screen or sort incoming materials

 To monitor, improve or control manufacturing processes

 To verify proper processing such as heat treating

 To verify proper assembly

 To inspect for in-service damage