PSYCHOLOGY

PROJECT
-MANALI JAIN
CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT
2 PYSCHOLOGISTS
OF EACH
APPROACH AND STRUCTURALISM FUNTIONALISM
THEIR RELEVANT
CONCEPTS

GESTALT
BEHAVIOURISM PSYCHO-ANALYSIS
PSYCHOLOGY
◦ Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925) is a Canadian-
American psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor
Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford
University.

◦ Bandura has been responsible for contributions to the field of

education and to several fields of psychology, including social
cognitive theory, therapy, and personality psychology, and was
also of influence in the transition between behaviorism and
cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social
learning theory (renamed the social cognitive theory) and the
theoretical construct of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for
the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. This Bobo doll
experiment demonstrated the concept of observational
learning.

Albert Bandura
◦ He is quite different from other learning theorists who
look at learning as a direct result of conditioning,
reinforcement, and punishment. Bandura asserts that
most human behavior is learned through observation,
imitation, and modeling.
Best known for his work in the following areas:
o Bobo doll studies
HIS
◦ Observational learning
APPROACHES
◦ Self-efficacy
◦ Social learning theory
◦ Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987)
was an American psychologist and among the founders of
the humanistic approach (and client-centered approach) in 
psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the
founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was
honored for his pioneering research with the Award for
Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the 
American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956. Carl
Rogers is widely regarded as one of the most eminent
thinkers in psychology. He is best known for developing the
psychotherapy method called client-centered therapy and for
being one of the founders of humanistic psychology.

CARL ROGERS
HIS APPROACHES
◦ Carl Rogers is best known for developing the psychotherapy method called client-centered therapy and for
being one of the founders of humanistic psychology.
◦ It was during this time that Rogers developed his approach to therapy, which he initially termed "nondirective
therapy." This approach, which involves the therapist acting as a facilitator rather than a director of the therapy
session, eventually came to be known as client-centered therapy.
◦ Among his best-known works are Client-Centered Therapy (1951), On Becoming a Person (1961), and A Way
of Being (1980).
 Important Theories
◦ Self-Actualization
◦ Unconditional Positive Regard
◦ Development of the Self
◦ Congruence
◦ The Fully-Functioning Person
 Structuralism is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze
the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental
images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form
more complex experiences. Structuralism was further developed
by Wundt's student, Edward B. Titchener.

STRUCTURALIS Structuralism in psychology is a theory of consciousness

developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward Bradford
M Titchener.

Structuralism is known to be a part of experimental psychology.

 FUNCTIONALISM

BOTH FUNCTIONALISM
AND STRUCTURALISM
FUNCTIONALISM REFERS
MADE IMPORTANT
TO A PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
DEVELOPMENT OF
THAT WAS A DIRECT
MODERN PSYCHOLOGY. IN
OUTGROWTH OF FOCUSES ON THE
ORDER TO GET AN IDEA OF
DARWINIAN THINKING ADAPTATIONS OF HUMAN
HOW THE FIELD OF
WHICH FOCUSES MIND TO DIFFERENT
PSYCHOLOGY EMERGED
ATTENTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
AND GOT TO WHERE IT IS
UTILITY AND PURPOSE OF
TODAY, IT CAN BE
BEHAVIOR THAT HAS BEEN
HELPFUL TO LOOK AT
MODIFIED OVER YEARS OF
THESE OLDER
HUMAN EXISTENCE.
PERSPECTIVES AND THE
IMPACT THAT THEY HAD.
BEHAVIOURISM
John B. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism.

Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through
conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that
our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.

Shows the importance of external stimuli as being responsible for behaviour.

The outputs are always external and visible. They can be measureable.
PSYCHO ANALYSIS
◦ The main goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to bring unconscious material
into consciousness and enhance the functioning of the ego, helping the
individual become less controlled by biological drives or demands of the
superego.
◦ Psychoanalysis is used to study the unconscious mind.
◦ Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and
therapeutic methods which have their origin in the work and theories of
Sigmund Freud. The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief
that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and
memories.
 Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that looks at the human mind
and behavior as a whole. Instead, our minds tend to perceive objects as
part of a greater whole and as elements of more complex systems.

GESTALT Gestalt principles or laws are rules that describe how the human eye
PSYCHOLOG perceives visual elements. These principles aim to show how complex
scenes can be reduced to more simple shapes.

Y
May Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and W. Kohler were the founders of the
Gestalt School Of Psychology(1914).
THANK YOU!