QCD: A BRIDGE BETWEEN

PARTONS & HADRONS

Adnan Bashir, UMSNH, Mexico

November 2017

CINVESTAV
CINVESTAV
 Hadron
Hadron Physics
Physics &
& QCD
QCD

Part
Part 22:: From
From Quarks
Quarks to
to QCD:
QCD:

QCD
QCD asas aa gauge
gauge theory
theory
Feynman
Feynman rules
rules
Higher
Higher orders
orders and
and infinities
infinities
Regularization
Regularization
Renormalization
Renormalization schemes
schemes
One
One loop
loop renormalization
renormalization
Anomalous
Anomalous dimensions
dimensions
Running
Running coupling
coupling
Beta
Beta function
function
Asymptotic
Asymptotic freedom
freedom
 Contents
Contents
• The
The Gauge
Gauge Principle
Principle
• Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
• SU(N)
SU(N) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory -- SU(3)
SU(3) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory
• Dynamics
Dynamics of
of Field
Field Tensor
Tensor
• The
The QCD
QCD Lagrangian
Lagrangian
• Feynman
Feynman Rules
Rules in
in Covariant
Covariant Gauges
Gauges
• Higher
Higher Orders
Orders and
and Infinities
Infinities
• Infinities
Infinities in
in Classical
Classical Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
• The
The Dimensional
Dimensional Regularization
Regularization
• Massive
Massive Vacuum
Vacuum Diagram
Diagram
• Massive
Massive Bubble
Bubble Diagram
Diagram
• What
What Next?
Next?
The
The Gauge
Gauge Principal
Principal
The
The Gauge
Gauge Principal
Principal
 The
The Gauge
Gauge Principal
Principal
Maxwell’s
Maxwell’s formulation
formulation of
of electrodynamics
electrodynamics was
was perhaps
perhaps the
the
first
first field
field theory
theory and
and aa gauge
gauge theory
theory in
in physics.
physics.

In
In 1929,
1929, Weyl
Weyl showed
showed that
that electrodynamics
electrodynamics was
was invariant
invariant
under
under the
the gauge
gauge transformation
transformation of
of the
the gauge
gauge field
field and
and
the
the wave-function
wave-function of
of the
the charged
charged field.
field.
In
In 1954,
1954, Yang
Yang and
and Mills
Mills studied
studied the
the gauge
gauge principle
principle in
in
non-abelian
non-abelian field
field theories.
theories.
 The
The Gauge
Gauge Principal
Principal
U(1)
U(1) and
and SU(2)
SU(2) local
local gauge
gauge invariance:
invariance:
 Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
The
The free
free Dirac
Dirac Lagrangian:
Lagrangian:
is
is invariant
invariant under
under abelian
abelian global
global U(1)
U(1) gauge
gauge transformation:
transformation:
where
where  is
is aa real
real constant.
constant.
Find
Find conserved
conserved current.
current.
We
We demand
demand generalizing
generalizing it
it into
into aa local
local gauge
gauge symmetry
symmetry by
by
demanding
demanding the the invariance
invariance even
even ifif ==(x).
(x). The
The mass
mass term
term
is
is still
still invariant
invariant but
but not
not the
the kinetic
kinetic energy
energy term.
term.

The
The invariance
invariance can
can be
be reinstated
reinstated byby introduce
introduce aa gauge
gauge field
field
and
and aa gauge
gauge covariant
covariant derivative:
derivative:
ee is
is the
the fermion
fermion coupling
coupling
to
to the
the gauge
gauge field.
field.
 Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
The
The starting
starting point
point is:
is:
This
This is
is invariant
invariant under
under simultaneous
simultaneous gauge
gauge transformations
transformations
of
of the
the fermion
fermion and
and the
the gauge
gauge fields:
fields:

This
This invariance
invariance is
is
achieved
achieved because:
because:
and
and hence:
hence:
The
The gauge
gauge field
field A
A == vector
vector potential
potential of
of Maxwell
Maxwell equations.
equations.
 Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
The
The wave-function
wave-function of
of an
an electron
electron carries
carries aa phase
phase with
with it.
it.

In
In global
global gauge
gauge transformation
transformation,, this
this phase
phase isis changed
changed by
by
the
the same
same amount
amount atat every
every space-time
space-time point
point and
and the
the
Lagrangian
Lagrangian is
is invariant.
invariant.
 Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics

In
In local
local gauge
gauge transformation
transformation,, this
this phase
phase is
is changed
changed by by
arbitrarily
arbitrarily different
different amounts
amounts atat every
every space-time
space-time point.
point.
Gauge
Gauge field
field with
with compensating
compensating transformation
transformation isis introduced
introduced
to
to obtain
obtain local
local gauge
gauge invariance.
invariance.
 SU(N)
SU(N) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory
The
The free
free field
field is
is
described
described by
by the
the
Dirac
Dirac Lagrangian:
Lagrangian:

It
It is
is invariant
invariant under
under the
the
SU(N)
SU(N) transformations,
transformations,
with
with θθaa real
real constants.
constants.
Find
Find conserved
conserved current.
current.
 SU(3)
SU(3) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory
There
There are
are different
different color
color phases
phases associated
associated with
with quarks
quarks

In
In global
global gauge
gauge transformations
transformations,, they
they are
are transformed
transformed
independently
independently of
of xx and
and hence
hence the
the Lagrangian
Lagrangian is
is invariant.
invariant.
 SU(N)
SU(N) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory
Want
Want invariance
invariance
under
under local
local gauge
gauge
transformations:
transformations:

We
We need
need (N
(N22-1)
-1) gauge
gauge fields
fields &
& the
the covariant
covariant derivative
derivative is
is::

Gauge
Gauge fields
fields must
must transform
transform as:
as:

so
so that:
that:
 SU(N)
SU(N) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory

proof:
proof:
 SU(3)
SU(3) Gauge
Gauge Theory
Theory
Initially:
Initially:

Compensating
Compensating
fields
fields restore
restore
gauge
gauge invariance
invariance
Local
Local Gauge
Gauge
transformation:
transformation:
 Recalling
Recalling Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
AA candidate
candidate for
for the
the dynamics
dynamics of
of the
the gauge
gauge field
field A
A in
in QED
QED
is
is the
the vector
vector potential
potential of
of the
the Maxwell’s
Maxwell’s equations:
equations:

FFμνμν is
is invariant
invariant under
under the
the gauge
gauge transformations:
transformations:
 Recalling
Recalling Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
We
We can
can easily
easily check
check the
the following:
following:

It
It is
is independent
independent of
of the
the dynamics
dynamics of
of the
the A
A field:
field:
 Recalling
Recalling Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
We
We now
now want
want to
to show
show the
the following:
following:

We
We start
start from:
from:

This
This proves
proves the
the above
above identity:
identity:
 Recalling
Recalling Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics
The
The two
two identities
identities are:
are:

Combining
Combining the
the two
two identities:
identities:
 Recalling
Recalling Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics

As
As ψψ is
is an
an arbitrary
arbitrary spinor
spinor and
and exp(-i
exp(-iαα(x))
(x)) &
& FFμνμν commute,
commute,
the
the later
later being
being aa function,
function, we
we obtain
obtain the
the gauge
gauge invariance
invariance
of
of the
the field
field tensor:
tensor:

So
So we
we construct
construct the
the Lorentz
Lorentz invariant
invariant quantity:
quantity:

And
And the
the Lagrangian
Lagrangian is:
is:
 Dynamics
Dynamics of
of Field
Field Tensor
Tensor
How
How do
do we
we define
define FFμνμν for
for SU(N)?
SU(N)?
The
The following
following definition
definition does
does not
not work:
work:

We
We can
can check
check that
that with
with this
this definition,
definition,

is
is not
not gauge
gauge invariant.
invariant.

Thus
Thus we
we follow
follow thethe procedure
procedure just
just outlined.
outlined. Use
Use the the
definition
definition of
of FFμνμν as
as follows
follows and
and deduce
deduce what
what it
it is:
is:
Non
Non Abelian
Abelian Field
Field Tensor
Tensor
 Dynamics
Dynamics of
of Field
Field Tensor
Tensor
aa
Is
Is Fμνμν gauge
F gauge invariant?
invariant? No.
No.

Show:
Show:

a a
aa 
aa
Show
Show that Fμνμν F is
that F F is gauge
gauge invariant.
invariant.

SU(N)
SU(N) Lagrangian:
Lagrangian:

These
These terms
terms correspond
correspond to
to self
self coupling
coupling of
of the
the gauge
gauge field.
field.
Triple
Triple and
and quadruple
quadruple gluon
gluon interactions.
interactions.
 The
The QCD
QCD Lagrangian
Lagrangian
aa aa
Thus
Thus the
the QCD
QCD Lagrangian
Lagrangian can
can be
be written
written as
as (F
(Fμνμν == G
Gμνμν ))
(modulus
(modulus gauge
gauge fixing
fixing term
term and
and ghosts)
ghosts)

Gluon
Gluon Fields:
Fields: Massless,
Massless, spin
spin 11 bosons,
bosons, color
color octet
octet because
because
the
the group
group contains
contains eight
eight generators,
generators, flavor
flavor singlet
singlet (i.e.,
(i.e.,
gluons
gluons are
are flavor
flavor blind,
blind, not
not distinguishing
distinguishing between
between flavors
flavors
of
of whatever
whatever they
they interact
interact with).
with).
 Feynman
Feynman Rules
Rules in
in Covariant
Covariant Gauges
Gauges
The
The Propagators:
Propagators:
 Feynman
Feynman Rules
Rules in
in Covariant
Covariant Gauges
Gauges
The
The Gluon
Gluon Self
Self Interactions:
Interactions:
 Feynman
Feynman Rules
Rules in
in Covariant
Covariant Gauges
Gauges
The
The Gluon
Gluon Vertices
Vertices with
with Ghosts
Ghosts and
and Quarks:
Quarks:
 Higher
Higher Orders
Orders and
and Infinities
Infinities
• Electrodynamics
Electrodynamics was
was born
born in
in 1920s
1920s through
through the
the works
works of
of
Born
Born,, Heisenberg
Heisenberg,, Dirac
Dirac,, Pauli
Pauli,, Feynman
Feynman,, Schwinger
Schwinger,, etc.
etc.
• Works
Works ofof F.
F. Bloch
Bloch,, A.
A. Nordsieck
Nordsieck (1937)
(1937) and
and V.
V. Weiskopf
Weiskopf
(1939)
(1939) revealed
revealed QED
QED calculations
calculations worked
worked only
only at
at first
first
order
order in
in perturbation
perturbation theory.
theory. Infinites
Infinites emerged
emerged atat higher
higher
orders.
orders.

• In
In 1940s,
1940s, precise
precise measurements
measurements ofof the
the levels
levels of
of Hydrogen
Hydrogen
atom,
atom, Lamb
Lamb shift
shift and
and the
the magnetic
magnetic moment
moment ofof the
the
electron
electron exposed
exposed discrepancies
discrepancies between
between experiment
experiment and
and
tree
tree level
level theory.
theory.
• Works
Works ofof Bethe
Bethe,, Feynman
Feynman,, Schwinger
Schwinger and
and Tomonaga
Tomonaga
[1946-1949]
[1946-1949] introduced
introduced the
the concept
concept of
of renormalization
renormalization to
to

solve
solve the
the problems
problems of
of QED.
QED. Nobel
Nobel Prize
Prize of
of 1965.
1965.
 Higher
Higher Orders
Orders and
and Infinities
Infinities
Lamb
Lamb Shift:
Shift:
According
According to
to Dirac
Dirac and
and Schrodinger
Schrodinger,, the
the atomic
atomic states
states
with
with the
the same
same nn and
and jj quantum
quantum numbers
numbers but
but different
different ll
quantum
quantum numbers
numbers ought
ought to
to be
be degenerate.
degenerate.

A
A famous
famous experiment
experiment of
of Rutherford
Rutherford and
and Lamb
Lamb in
in 1947
1947
showed
showed that
that the
the states
states

of
of the
the Hydrogen
Hydrogen atom
atom were
were not
not degenerate.
degenerate.

This
This effect
effect is
is explained
explained by
by perturbative
perturbative QED.
QED.
 Higher
Higher Orders
Orders and
and Infinities
Infinities

Lamb
Lamb Shift:
Shift:
 Higher
Higher Orders
Orders and
and Infinities
Infinities
Lamb
Lamb Shift:
Shift:
Renormalization
Renormalization in
in One
One Hour
Hour

Adnan
Adnan Bashir
Bashir
UMSNH,
UMSNH, Morelia
Morelia
 Infinities
Infinities in
in Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
• Electric
Electric potential
potential due
due to
to an
an infinite
infinite line
line charge:
charge:

• This
This function
function U
U does
does not
not
have
have dimensions.
dimensions. Such
Such
functions
functions have
have possibilities:
possibilities:
• LL is
is aa problem
problem related
related scale.
scale.
 Infinities
Infinities in
in Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
• Regularize
Regularize potential:
potential: (i)
(i) Cut
Cut off
off method
method

• Electric
Electric field
field intensity:
intensity:

Repeat
Repeat steps
steps for
for potential
potential difference
difference between
between two
two points.
points.
• This
This regularized
regularized potential
potential has
has following
following properties:.
properties:.
V
Vreg (r/L) is convergent
reg (r/L) is convergent
V
Vreg (r/L) is NOT translation invariant
reg (r/L) is NOT translation invariant
 Infinities
Infinities in
in Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
• Regularize
Regularize potential:
potential: (i)
(i) Dimensional
Dimensional Regularization
Regularization

• Evaluate
Evaluate integral
integral in
in D
D dimensions:
dimensions:

• Substitute:
Substitute:
 Infinities
Infinities in
in Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
• Regularize
Regularize potential:
potential: (i)
(i) Dimensional
Dimensional Regularization
Regularization

• Electric
Electric field
field is:
is:

• This
This regularized
regularized potential
potential has
has the
the following
following properties:
properties:

V
Vreg (r/) is convergent
reg (r/) is convergent
V
Vreg (r/) IS translation invariant
reg (r/) IS translation invariant
 Infinities
Infinities in
in Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
““Renormalization
Renormalization Schemes”
Schemes”
• Expand
Expand V
Vreg (r/) in powers of :
reg (r/) in powers of :

• In
In MS
MS (minimal
(minimal substitution)
substitution) scheme
scheme (Electric
(Electric potential?)
potential?)

• In
In MS
MS scheme
scheme (modified
(modified minimal
minimal scheme)
scheme)

• V
V depends
depends on
on aa mass
mass scale!
scale!
 Infinities
Infinities in
in Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
• Charge
Charge or
or coupling
coupling renormalization:
renormalization:

Bare
Bare Physical
Physical
charge
charge Charge
Charge

• Loops
Loops introduce
introduce divergences
divergences which
which need
need to
to be
be regularized
regularized
and
and renormalized.
renormalized.
• Quantities
Quantities such
such as
as coupling
coupling run
run with
with momenta.
momenta.
 Dimensional
Dimensional Regularization
Regularization
One-loop
One-loop calculations
calculations in
in QED
QED and
and QCD
QCD involve
involve integrals
integrals
which
which diverge.
diverge. An
An example
example of
of aa divergent
divergent integral
integral is:
is:

Introduce
Introduce some
some regulator.
regulator. Regularized
Regularized diagrams
diagrams converge.
converge.
There
There exist
exist many
many regularization
regularization methods.
methods. Cut-off,
Cut-off, Pauli-
Pauli-
Villars,
Villars, lattice
lattice and
and dimensional
dimensional regularization
regularization..
The
The regularization
regularization should
should preserve
preserve as
as many
many symmetries
symmetries of
of
the
the theory
theory asas possible,
possible, ensuring
ensuring manipulating
manipulating regularized
regularized
Feynman
Feynman integrals
integrals are
are simple,
simple, etc.
etc.
The
The best
best choice
choice is
is the
the dimensional
dimensional regularization.
regularization. Nobel
Nobel
Prize
Prize 1999
1999 ((t’Hooft
t’Hooft and
and Veltman
Veltman).
).
 Dimensional
Dimensional Regularization
Regularization
This
This regularization
regularization conserves
conserves all
all the
the symmetries:
symmetries:

Note
Note that
that dd is
is the
the regulator,
regulator, not
not
.. It
It is
is to
to keep
keep the
the mass
mass
dimensions
dimensions of of the
the integral
integral correct.
correct.

Note
Note that:
that:

Solid
Solid
angle:
angle:
 Dimensional
Dimensional Regularization
Regularization
It
It has
has poles
poles inin the
the top
top left
left &
&
bottom
bottom right
right quadrants
quadrants of
of the
the
complex
complex kk00 plane
plane at:
at:

Thus
Thus we
we can
can rotate
rotate the
the contour
contour ofof integration
integration counter
counter
clockwise
clockwise from
from the
the real
real line
line to
to the
the imaginary
imaginary line.
line. Thus
Thus
the
the following
following substitution
substitution isis allowed.
allowed. ((Wick
Wick rotation
rotation))

Work
Work
out:
out:
Put
Put d=4-2
d=4-2 and
and
expand
expand around
around =0:
=0:
 Massive
Massive Vacuum
Vacuum Diagram
Diagram
Let
Let us
us calculate
calculate one-loop
one-loop massive
massive
integral
integral with
with dimensional
dimensional regularization
regularization
and
and Schwinger-Parameters
Schwinger-Parameters (SP):
(SP):

Schwinger
Schwinger
Parameterization
Parameterization

Divergence! Massless
Massless integrals
integrals with
with no
no
Divergence!
external
external momentum
momentum scale
scale
 Massless
Massless Bubble
Bubble Diagram
Diagram
The
The massless
massless propagator
propagator
diagram
diagram with
with arbitrary
arbitrary
powers:
powers:

Expression:
Expression:

It
It is
is symmetric
symmetric wrt wrt the
the interchange
interchange of
of propagators.
propagators.
It
It vanishes
vanishes if
if nn1100 or
or nn2200 because
because then
then it
it effectively
effectively
becomes
becomes the
the massless
massless vacuum
vacuum diagram.
diagram.

Employ:
Employ:

It
It is
is equivalent
equivalent to
to Feynman
Feynman parameterization.
parameterization.
 Massless
Massless Bubble
Bubble Diagram
Diagram

Change
Change of
of variables:
variables:

Change
Change of
of variables:
variables:
 Massless
Massless Bubble
Bubble Diagram
Diagram

Finally:
Finally:

Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet
divergences:
divergences:
 Massless
Massless Bubble
Bubble Diagram
Diagram
Infrared
Infrared divergences:
divergences:
 What
What Next?
Next?
• How
How can
can we
we regularize
regularize &
& renormalize
renormalize QED
QED at
at one
one loop?
loop?
• What
What are
are the
the renormalization
renormalization group
group equations,
equations, anomalous
anomalous
dimensions?
dimensions?
• How
How does
does the
the coupling
coupling run
run in
in QED?
QED?
• How
How can
can we
we answer
answer the
the same
same questions
questions in
in QCD?
QCD?
• What
What are
are the
the consequences
consequences of
of running
running coupling
coupling in
in QCD
QCD
and
and its
its implications
implications for
for hadron
hadron physics?
physics?