Sel, jaringan, dan

mekanisme homeostasis

Nur Imaniati Sumantri

S1 Teknik Biomedik UI
2021
Outline
• Kontrak perkuliahan
• Pengantar dasar anatomi fisiologi manusia
• Sel
– Organel
• Jaringan
– Jenis-jenis
• Mekanisme homeostasis
– Feedback positif dan negatif
Kontrak Perkuliahan

• Peserta kelas bergabung pada link Ms. Teams pukul 13.00 WIB
• Peserta kelas terlibat aktif dalam proses pembelajaran, baik sinkronus maupun asinkronus
• Tidak diperkenankan melakukan aktivitas selain kegiatan terkait perkuliahan ini selama
kelas berlangsung
• Mengaktifkan kamera saat berbicara dan sesi dokumentasi
• Tugas kelompok dikumpulkan oleh perwakilan kelompok
• Pengumpulan tugas yang telat akan mendapat pengurangan nilai
• Keaktifan, kedisiplinan dan sopan santun menjadi poin penting untuk menunjang suasana
kelas yang kondusif
 What is What is
anatomy? physiology?

How they
relates?
Anatomy and physiology

• Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function.

• Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their
physical relationships among other body parts.
• In contrast, physiology, is the study of how living organisms perform their
functions.
• All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a
structure relates to its function. This is known as the principle of
complementarity of structure and function.
 Macroscopic
Anatomy Cytology
Microscopic
Histology
Anatomy and
Cell physiology
physiology

Organ physiology

Physiology
Systemic
physiology

Pathophysiology
Cell

• Very small, a typical cell is only about 0.1 mm in diameter.

• The building blocks of all plants and animals.
• All cells come from the division of preexisting cells.
• The human body contains two general classes of cells: sex cells and somatic
cells.
• Sex cells (also called germ cells or reproductive cells) are either the sperm
of males or the oocytes of females.
• Somatic cells (soma, body), or body cells, include all the other cells in the
human body.
Eukaryotic cell
structure
 Cell

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane

Membranous
Cytosol Inclusions Protein fibres
organelles

Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic
Centrioles
reticulum

Golgi
Cillia
apparatus

Lysosomes Flagella

Peroxisomes 10
 Phospolipid
Lipid bilayer

Anchoring protein

Recognition
protein

Enzyme
membrane
Plasma membrane

Protein
Receptor protein
Plasma

Carrier protein

Channel protein

Lubrication and
protection
Anchoring and
locomotion
Carbohydrate
Specificity in
binding

Recognition
Cytosol vs ECF
The most important differences between cytosol and extracellular fluid are as follows:
• The concentration of potassium ions is much higher in the cytosol than in the extracellular
fluid. Conversely, the concentration of sodium ions is much lower in the cytosol than in the
extracellular fluid.
• The cytosol contains a much higher concentration of suspended proteins than does
extracellular fluid.
• Masses of insoluble materials may be found in both the cytosol and the extracellular fluid. In
the cytosol, these masses are known as inclusions. Common cytosol inclusions are stored
nutrients, such as glycogen granules in liver or in skeletal muscle cells, lipid droplets in fat
cells, and pigment granules such as the brown skin pigment, melanin.
Cytosol vs ECF
Wh
The most important differences between cytosol and extracellular fluid are as afollows:
td
Le in othe
• The concentration of potassium ions is much higher in the cytosol than t’s theextracellular
fin sthan
e
fluid. Conversely, the concentration of sodium ions is much lower in the cytosol d o meain the
extracellular fluid. ut! n?
• The cytosol contains a much higher concentration of suspended proteins than does
extracellular fluid.
• Masses of insoluble materials may be found in both the cytosol and the extracellular fluid. In
the cytosol, these masses are known as inclusions. Common cytosol inclusions are stored
nutrients, such as glycogen granules in liver or in skeletal muscle cells, lipid droplets in fat
cells, and pigment granules such as the brown skin pigment, melanin.
acam
m -m s?
a ca in fu
M iran
ca
 t h e r e is any
if
What if
ce l l j unctions?
in
trouble in find out!
Let ’s
Tissue types
Epitheliel tissue
• covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands

Connective tissue
• fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials
within the body, and stores energy
Muscle tissue
• specialized for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of
the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs
Neural tissue
• carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical
impulses
 Classification of
connective tissues

Fluid connective Supporting

Connective tissue
tissue (blood and connective tissue
proper
lymph) (cartilage and bone)

Loose connective 1. Connective tissue proper includes those connective tissues with many types of cells
and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance. These groupings are based
tissue (adipose on the number of cell types present, and on the relative properties and
tissue) proportions of fibers and ground substance.
2. Fluid connective tissues have distinctive populations of cells suspended in a watery
matrix that contains dissolved proteins.
3. Supporting connective tissues differ from connective tissue proper in having a less
Dense connective diverse cell population and a matrix containing much more densely packed fibers.
tissue (tendon) Supporting connective tissues protect soft tissues and support the weight of part or
all of the body. The two types of supporting connective tissues are cartilage and
bone. The matrix of cartilage is a gel with characteristics that vary with the
predominant type of fiber. The matrix of bone is calcified, because it contains
mineral deposits (primarily calcium salts) that provide rigidity.
 Types of muscle
tissues

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Neural tissue, also known
as nervous tissue or nerve
tissue, is specialized for
the propagation
(movement) of electrical
impulses from one region
of the body to another.
Ninetyeight percent of
the neural tissue in the
body is in the brain and
spinal cord, which are the
control centers of the
nervous system.
Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the state of internal balance.

• Homeostasis (homeo, unchanging + stasis, standing) refers to the existence of a stable
internal environment. Maintaining homeostasis is absolutely vital to an organism’s survival.
Failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death.
• Homeostatic regulation is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.
• A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of three parts:
• a receptor, a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change;
• a control center, which receives and processes the information supplied by the
receptor and sends out commands;
• an effector, a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and
whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.
Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them
 Explain @2 examples of
negative and positive feedback!
Levels of
Organization
Reference

Martini FH, et al. 2014, Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology,

tenth edition. Pearson.
 “It’s the little details that are vital.
Little things make big things happen”
John Wooden.
Thank you, any question?