ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

(NCE-603)

Prepared By
Amit Bajaj
SYLLABUS
 Network Techniques: Bar Chart, Mile stone chart, work
break down structure, and preparation of networks.
 Network techniques like PERT and CPM in construction
Management.
 Project Monitoring and resource allocations through
network techniques.
How to draw a Gantt chart with more complicated predecessors.mp4
PROBLEM-1
 Draw a bar chart and compute the total duration of the project
from the data given below :
Task (1) 5 days (Duration)
Task (2) 3 days
Task (3) 7 days
Task (4) 2 days
Task (5) 4 days
Task (6) 7 days
Task (1) and (4) will be started together. Task (2) will start
after completion of Task (3) and Task (3) will take place after
Task (1). Task (5) and (6) will be taken up together but only
after completion of Task (3).
PROBLEM-2
 Draw a bar chart and compute the total duration of project
from project data given below:
 
Task A 6 days
Task B 2 days
Task C 8 days
Task D 3 days
Task E 4 days
Task F 7 days
Task A& D will be started together. Task B will start after
completion of Task C and Task C will take place after Task
A. Task E & F will start together but only after the
completion of Task C.
 WBS- WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
 A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a decomposition of all the
work necessary to complete a project.

 A WBS is arranged in a hierarchy and constructed to allow for

clear and logical groupings, either by activities or deliverables.

 The WBS should be accompanied by a WBS Dictionary, which

lists and defines WBS elements.
THE GOALS OF DEVELOPING A WBS
AND WBS DICTIONARY
1) For the project team to proactively and logically plan
out the project to completion.

2) To collect the information about work that needs to be

done for a project.

3) To organize activities into manageable components that

will achieve project objectives.
WBS FOR BUILDING A HOUSE
NETWORK TECHNIQUES- CPM & PERT
Elements of Network:
 Activity

An activity is a physically identifiable part of a project, which

consumes both time and resources.
Description
Tail Duration Head

 The tail of the arrow signifies the commencement of the activity.

 And the head signifies the completion of the activity.

 All those activities, which must be completed before the start of activity
under consideration, are called its predecessor activities.

 All those activities, which have to follow the activity under consideration,
are called its successor activities.
 Interrelationships:
i. Parallel activities or concurrent activities:

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nitar
Fix sa
10
Fix e
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it tings
30

ii. Serial Activities:

 DUMMY ACTIVITY
 Artificial activity
 Represented as dotted arrow

 It indicates that an activity following the dummy activity can not

be started until the activity or activities preceding the dummy are
completed.
 It does not require any time or resource.
ERROR IN NETWORK
 Dangling:

 Looping or Cycling:
 EVENTS OR NODES
ii. Events or Nodes: An event is denoted by a circle
i where, i={1,2,3,4…. and so on}
shape of node may be used as

It signifies the status of the project at a point of time. It

indicates the start & completion of an activity.

An event does not consume any time or resource itself.

It shoes an accomplishment of a task occurring at
instantaneous point of time.
1. Merge event – When more than one activity comes and
joins an event such an event is known as merge event.
2. Burst event – When more than one activity leaves an event
such an event is known as burst event.
3. Merge and Burst event – An activity may be merge and
burst event at the same time as with respect to some
activities it can be a merge event and with respect to some
other activities it may be a burst event.
 Identify between Event & Activity
GOOD PRACTICES OF DRAWING A NETWORK DIAGRAM
Drawing a network diagram is a trial and error procedure.

The starting event is always one event, irrespective of the number of starting
activities. This event signifies the commencement status of the project

The completion event is always one event, irrespective of the number

of final activities. This event signifies the completion status of the
project.

The length of the arrow is the convenience of drawing the network

diagram. It is no indication of the duration of activity.
The arrows must be drawn in the forward direction. Avoid crossing
of arrows.

The numbering of events starts with the first event and progressively
moves from the left to the right of the network diagram.

There is no uniqueness in the final picture of the network diagram.

FULKERSON’S RULE OF NODE
NUMBERING
DRAWING NETWORK
 CPM- CRITICAL PATH METHOD (ACTIVITY
ORIENTED)
Focus Area:
1. How early can we start the activity?
2.Delay in activity, project time is not affected

3.Floats

Time Calculation:

The project time is calculated by the event time

mentioned in time box of each event on the network
TIME BOX

EOT LOT

Earliest Occurrence Time Latest Occurrence Time

A
i j
tij
CALCULATION OF EOT & LOT
FORWARD PASS
BACKWARD PASS
EXAMPLE-2

4
8
2

5 7

6
2 2

3
EXAMPLE-3
ACTIVITY TIMES AND FLOATS

(EOT)i (LOT)i (EOT)j (LOT)j

A
i j
ti-j

1. EST (Earliest Start Time):

(EST)i-j = (EOT)i

2. EFT (Earliest Finish Time):

(EFT)i-j = (EOT)i + ti-j
ACTIVITY TIMES AND FLOATS

(EOT)i (LOT)i (EOT)j (LOT)j

A
i j
ti-j

1. LST (Latest Start Time):

(LST)i-j = (LOT)j – ti-j

2. LFT (Latest Finish Time):

(LFT)i-j = (LOT)j
FLOATS
 Total Float

 Total Float = LST-EST

10 12 16 20

D
20 21
4
10 10 14 14

D
20 21
4
FREE FLOAT

Free Float = (EST)j – (EST)i - tij

10 12 16 20

D E
i j k
4
INDEPENDENT FLOAT
 10 12 18 20
C D E
i j
4
INTERFERING FLOAT
 Head Event Slack

CRITICALITY OF THE ACTIVITY

 Super Critical: TF<0

 Critical: TF=0

 Sub Critical: TF>0

FINDING CRITICAL PATH- USING
FLOATS
PERT NETWORK ANALYSIS

 Programme Evaluation and Review Technique.

 Method was basically developed by Navy special projects

office on Polaris Missile Program.

 Used for uncertain project

 Time Estimates-

1. Optimistic Time (to)

2. The most likely time (tm)

3. The pessimistic Time (tp)

3 – 6 – 10
 Normal Distribution Curve:
BETA DISTRIBUTION CURVE
DETERMINISTIC CURVE?????

Versus
1. THE EXPECTED TIME (TE) OF AN ACTIVITY

2. DEVIATION (σ) OF AN ACTIVITY

 Also known as standard deviation (SD)
 used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data
values.
 A standard deviation close to 0 indicates that the data points tend to be
very close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set.
 High standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over
a wider range of values.
VARIANCE OF AN ACTIVITY
 ν = (σ)2

 Choose best option!!!

Job to tm tp
A 4 6 11
B 5 10 12
C 4 6 8
CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS OF PERT NETWORK
1. Calculate te for all activities.
2. Calculate EOT and LOT.
3. Find the longest path having least slack
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
 If there are n activities lying along the critical path each
having its own Beta distribution with expected mean time
te1, te2, te3…..ten.
 Standard deviation as σ1, σ2, σ3…..σn.
 Variance as ν1, ν2, ν3,...νn respectively.

 The distribution of time for the project (along the critical

path) as a whole will approximately be a normal
distribution curve.
 This curve will have mean expected time (te)T

variance (νT) and standard deviation (σT)

 Mean expected time (te)T = te1+te2+te3 + ….. +ten.

 Variance (νT) = ν1+ν2+ν3+... +νn

 Standard deviation (σT) = (νT)1/2

 If there are more than one critical path of a PERT
 network, find
= (σ12+σ22+σ variance
3 +…..
2
+σn2)1/2 along each critical path and
select the greatest value for the purpose.
PROBABILITY OF COMPLETION OF PROJECT
PROBABILITY FACTOR (Z)

 If Z > 0 = chance of completing the project in given time is more than

50%.

 If Z = 0 then chance of completing the project in given time id 50%

 If Z < 0 = chance of completing the project in given time is less than 50%.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
TABLE