INTRODUCTION TO

SEMICONDUCTORS

ENGR. CHARMAINE C. PAGLINAWAN

ELECTRONICS

Science dealing with the development and application of devices and

system involving the flow of electrons

Application of Electronics:
1.Communication Electronics
2. Electric Power
3. Digital Electronics

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BASIC ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS:
1.Active – devices that can be used for amplification, rectification or change energy
from one another.
a. semiconductor
b. electron tubes
c. visual display devices
2. Passive
a. Resistors – limits the flow of current or divide the voltages in the circuit.
b. Capacitor – concentrates the electric field of voltage applied to a dielectric
c.Inductor – concentrates the magnetic field of electric current in the coil.

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atom – the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element

BOHR MODEL

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SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:
  MASS CHARGE
 Electrons 9.1 x 10-31 kg 1.67 x 10-19 C
Protons 1.67 x 10-27 kg 1.67 x 10-19 C
Neutrons 1.67 x 10-27 kg none
** Atomic number – number of protons

SHELL DESIGNATION

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SHELL & SUBSHELL AROUND THE NUCLEUS
SHELL
Numerical Literal Subshell Capacity

1 K s2 2 e-
2 L s2, p6 8 e-
3 M s2, p6, d10 18 e-
4 N s2, p6, d10, f14 32 e-
. .
. .
. .
. . . .
. .

s – sharp , p – principal, d – diffuse, f - fundamental

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 Valence Shell

Valence Electron

COPPER ATOM

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ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
CONDUCTOR
• A material that easily conducts electric current
• Number of valence electrons is 1-3

INSULATOR
• A material that DOES NOT conducts electric current under normal conditions
• Number of valence electrons is 5-8
• Valence electrons are tightly bound to the atoms.

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SEMICONDUCTOR
• A material that is between conductors and insulators in its ability to
conduct electrical current
• Number of valence electrons is 4
• Neither a good conductor nor a good insulator in its pure form

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ENERGY BANDS
The energy arrangement in atoms.

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Energy level diagram

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TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTOR
Intrinsic Semiconductor – semiconductor in its pure (elemental) form.
a.       Silicon
b.      Germanium
A typical crystal structure

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A two-dimensional view of a silicon cubic lattice.

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Conduction Electrons – free electrons or electrons in the conduction band

Hole – vacancy left by the electron in the valence band or the absence of electron

Electron-Hole Pair – for every electron raised to the conduction band by external energy, there is one hole left in the
valence band

Recombination – occurs when a conduction-band electron loses energy and falls back into a hole in the valence
band.

Electron Current –movement of free electrons in a semiconductive materials.

Hole Current – movement of holes in a semiconductive material

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Analogy of hole flow

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   Extrinsic Semiconductor – semiconductor with impurities

**Doping – The process of adding impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor.

Pentavalent atoms –atoms with 5 Trivalent atoms– atoms with 3

valence electrons. valence electrons
1. Aluminum (Al)
1. Arsenic (As)
2. Boron (B)
2. Phosphorus (P) 3. Indium (In)
3. Bismuth (Bi) 4. Galium (Ga)
4.Antimony (Sb)
N-Type Semiconductor – doped with pentavalent atom

Germanium crystal doped with Arsenic

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P-Type Semiconductor – doped with trivalent atom

Germanium crystal doped with Indium

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