WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

BASIC OPERATIONS
Prepared by RCAP Solutions
For PADEP
 Introduction

 Basics of Water Supply

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 Drinking Water Sources
 Surface Water

 Groundwater

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 Surface Water: Advantages
 Easily accessible

 Large volumes of water

 Surface reservoirs for storage

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 Surface Water: Disadvantages
 Exposure to contaminants

 Expensive filtration

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 Groundwater: Advantages
 Less treatment

 Consistency

 Availability

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 Groundwater: Disadvantages
 Chemical contamination

 Hardness

 Multiple wells

 Location

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Groundwater Treatment Processes

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 Groundwater Treatment Processes
 Not very complex

 Mainly disinfection

 Covered later

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Surface Water Treatment Processes

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Racks and Screens

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 Racks and Screens
 Prevent debris

 Pipes and pumps

 Straining pasta

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Mixing

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 Mixing
 Coagulant

 Suspended particles

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Coagulation and Flocculation

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 Coagulation and Flocculation
 Reduces solids

 Prevents bacterial “hiding”

 Like making cheese

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Sedimentation

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 Sedimentation
 Presedimentation

 Basins

 Solids loading reduction

 Sludge removal

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Filtration

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 Filtration
 Solids and floc removal

 Physical

 Chemical

 Biological

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 Types of Filtration
 Slow Sand

 Conventional Filtration

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 Types of Filtration
 Direct Filtration

 Diatomaceous Earth

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 Types of Filtration
 Membrane Filtration

 Bag and Cartridge Filters

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Disinfection

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 Disinfection
 Disease-causing organisms

 Chlorine

 Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation

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 Disinfection: Chlorine
 Chlorine Gas

 Sodium Hypochlorite

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 Disinfection: Chlorine
 Calcium Hypochlorite

 Chlorine may form carcinogens

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 Disinfection: Ultraviolet Light
 Penetrates most cell walls

 No toxic residuals

 Short contact times; easy to operate

 Unsuitable for some water sources

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 Disinfection: Ozone
 O3

 Shorter contact time

 Capital costs

 O&M

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Other Typical Treatment Processes
 Iron and manganese removal

 Corrosion control

 These are source dependent

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 Iron and Manganese Removal
 Various techniques

 Aeration

 Sequestration

 Ion exchange

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 Corrosion Control
 Prevents degradation

 Adjust water characteristics

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 Exercise
 Exercise!!!

 Complete the fill-in-the blank questions

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 Distribution System Facilities
 Pumps
 Storage facilities
 Transmission mains
 Valves and hydrants
 Meters

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 Pumps
 Provide lift

 Do not generally create pressure

 Major part of O&M costs

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 Storage Facilities
 Clear wells

 Stand pipes

 Elevated storage tanks

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Clear Wells

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 Clear Wells
 Large concrete reservoirs

 Constant rate of operation

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 Stand Pipes
 Located on the ground

 Require little maintenance

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 Elevated Storage Tanks
 Supporting structures

 Use gravity

 Filled in off-peak hours

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 Transmission Mains
System Design
 Branching systems

 Loop or grid systems

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 Transmission Mains
Materials
 Cast iron

 Ductile iron

 Plastic (polyvinylchloride – PVC)

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 Valves and Hydrants
 Valves

 Wet barrel hydrants

 Dry barrel hydrants

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 Meters
 Throughout the system

 Used for billing and to identify loss

 Lowers usage

 Replacement program

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 Exercise
 Exercise time!!!

 Fill in the graphic and answer the questions

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 Summary
 Key points

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 References and Resources
 See your workbooks for details

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