EARTH MATERIALS AND

PROCESSES

Exogenic and
endogenic
 Objectives

• Identify the process happen above and

beneath earth surface
• Compare exogenic and endogenic
process
• Relate the importance of these process
in our life.
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE
PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE AT
OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE
THAT MAKES THE SURFACE WEAR
AWAY. EXOGENIC
PROCESSES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
DEGRADATION AND SCULPTING THE
EARTH’S SURFACE.
WEATHERING,EROSION,
DEPOSITION
The physical weathering happens when rock is physically
broken into smaller pieces.
 RELEASE OF GROWTH
ICE
ICE WEDGING PRESSURE ABRASION ANIMALS OF
WEDGING PLANTS
1. ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces.
2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers.
3. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
4. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock.
5. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when
rocks collide. Most common in windy areas
The chemical weathering is the process of breaking
down rock through chemical changes.
 LIVING CARBON
WATEr ORGANISMS DIOXIDE
OXYGEN ACID RAIN

1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.

2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone.
4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock.
5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.
 EROSION BY WATER EROSION BY WIND
Erosion by water changes the Erosion by wind carries dust, sand,
shape of coastlines. Waves and volcanic ash from one place
constantly crash against shores. to another. Wind can sometimes
They pound rocks into pebbles and blow sand into towering dunes.
reduce pebbles to sand. Water
sometimes takes sand away from
beaches. This moves the coastline
farther inland.

EROSION BY ICE EROSION BY GRAVITY

Erosion by ice can erode the land. In Gravity pulls any loose bits down
frigid areas and on some the side of a hill or mountain.
mountaintops, glaciers move slowly Gravity Erosion is better known as
downhill and across the land. As they Mass Movement.
move, they pick up everything in
their path, from tiny grains of sand
to huge boulders.
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
THE PROCESSES WITHIN
 What is Endogenic
Process?
🗸 Endogenic Processes aregeological
processesthat occur beneath the surface of the
🗸It Earth.
is associated with energy originating in the

interior of the solid earth.

🗸 The ground we live on is moving all the time. The
Forces within the earth that cause the ground to
move are called ENDOGENIC FORCES.
 The Main Endogenic Processes
 The Main Endogenic Processes are FOLDING &
FAULTING or Tectonic Movements.
 They take place mainly along the plate boundaries,
which are the zones that are not stable.
 Endogenic processes cause many major landform
features.
 FOLDING
 When two forces push towards each other
from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend
into folds.
 The process by which folds are formed are
due to compressional forces known as
folding.
Monocline
Which involve a slight double flexure of parallel
rock layers
Anticline
The up warping of rock layers that result in an
arch like structure
Syncline
•Down warping of rock layers is observed.
 FAULTING
 Faulting is the fracturing and
displacement of more brittle rock
strata along a fault plane either caused
by tension or compression.
 A break in rock along which a
vertical or horizontal rock movement
has occurred is called a fault.
 TYPES OF FAULTING

 There are three types of fault which are caused by

different endogenic forces:
 Normal fault (Convergence)
 Reverse fault (Divergence)
 Tear fault (Transform)
 Faulting forms two major landforms - block
mountains and rift valleys.
 Other Endogenic Processes
(Subsequent)
 These are Endogenic Processes that are
subsequent to the main ones.

 Volcanism (Volcanic Activity)

 Metamorphism
 Earthquake (Seismic Activity)
Continental Drift Theory
Continental Drift Theory
•
•Alfred Lothar Wegener
German Geophysicist

Proposed that the 7 continents of the world is once

were once assembled together as a supercontinent
known as Pangea

THE ORIGINS OF CONTINENTS AND OCEANS

in 1915
Wegener used 3 types of evidence to
prove his theory!
1. Evidence from landforms

2.Evidence from fossils

3.Evidence from climate

 Evidence from landforms
• The shapes of the
continents seemed to
fit together.
• Mountain ranges and
other features also
lined up.
Evidence from landforms

The ‘jig-saw’ puzzle

Evidence from landforms

The ‘jig-saw’ puzzle

•
 Evidence from Fossils
• Fossils from one continent Glossopteris: a fern found
matched fossils from other on the southern
continents
continents.
• Wegener used both Mesosaurus: a
freshwater swimming
plant and animal reptile found in Africa
fossils. and South America
•
 Evidence from Climate
• Wegener looked at
certain areas on Earth
and their climates
• He noted that the
fossils he found on
certain sections of
Earth did not match
the current climate

Glacier scratches in S.
Africa
Did Wegener Prove the
Continental Drift Theory?
When ask By Some Geologist on how The continents move??

He could not offer a suitable

explanation for how the
continents had move around
Earth
• WEGENER THOUGHT THE
CONTINENTS DRIFTED DUE TO
TIDAL FORCES OF THE OCEAN.
UNFORTUNATELY THAT’S
IMPOSSIBLE
•

After 50
Years
• PLATE TECTONIC THEORY

The earth’s crust experiences deformations because of various

geological activities, what then is the mechanism as to how these
geological phenomena arise the theory of plate tectonic states that the
earth’s crust is subdivided into massive plates that seem to drift upon
the earth’s softer mantle.
Sea Floor Spreading
• Seafloor spreading is the
movement of two oceanic
plates away from each
other, which results in the
formation of new oceanic
crust (from magma that
comes from within the
Earth's mantle) along a a
mid-ocean ridge.

Ocean floor spreading was

first suggested by Harry
Hess and Robert Dietz in the
1960's.
• As the plates move apart, the
rocks break and form a crack
between the plates.

• Earthquakes occur along

the plate boundary.
Magma rises through the
cracks and seeps out onto
the ocean floor like a long,
thin, undersea volcano.
What do you think is the
importance of these geological
processes?
..END…