Circulatory System

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 Circulatory system
 Also referred to as the
cardiovascular system
 Consists of:
 Heart
 Blood vessels
 Blood
 Circulatory system
Functions:
•Deliver oxygen & nutrients
•Removes wastes products
•Helps in the coagulation process
•Regulates body temperature
•Important in body defenses (WBC’s
in the blood)
BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
(BLOOD VESSELS)
 BLOOD VESSELS
Three types:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
 Histologic Layers of
Arteries and Veins
 Tunica externa / adventitia
 Outer layer (connective tissue)
 Tunica media
 Middle layer (smooth muscle + elastic
tissue)
 Tunica Intima
 Innermost histologic layer (epithelial
cells)
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 BLOOD VESSELS

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 ARTERIES
 large; thick-walled vessels
 propel oxygen-rich (oxygenated)
blood (bright red in color) away
from the heart to the capillaries
 Arterioles  small; thin vessels
that connect arteries to capillaries
ARTERIES

 generally located deep,

 has pressure (pulse)
 Major Arteries Associated with
Health Care
ARTERY FUNCTION
Aorta Largest artery; distribute oxygenated blood
through the body

Radial Thumb side; pulse rate

Carotid Side of the neck; emergency pulse rate

Brachial Ante-cubital; most common site for BP

measurement
Femoral Groin area; arterial punctures of RT

Pulmonary Located in the lungs; the only artery that

does not carry oxygenated blood
 ARTERIES
• Oxygenated
• Bright red
• Carry blood away from the heart
• has pressure (pulse)

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• Inner histologic layer of arteries and veins
• Outer histologic layer
• Middle histologic layer
• Components of Middle layer

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 VEINS
 thinner walls than arteries
 Carry oxygen-poor (deoxygenated)
blood (dark red in color), nutrients
and wastes from the capillaries back
to the heart
 Venules  small veins that connect
capillaries to large veins
 VEINS
 More numerous than arteries
 Generally superficial; more prominent
 Commonly Used Veins for
Venipuncture
 Veins of the ante-cubital fossa
 Median cubital vein – first choice
 Cephalic vein – second choice
 Basilic vein – third choice
 cBee

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 Common Veins Not Associated
with Venipuncture
VEIN FUNCTION
Superior vena Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper
cava part of the body to the heart

Inferior vena Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower

cava part of the body to the heart

Great saphenous Principal vein of the leg; longest vein in the

body
Pulmonary Only vein carrying oxygenated blood
 VEINS
• deoxygenated (oxygen-poor)
• Dark red
• carry blood to the heart
• more prominent

• Order of choice for venipuncture

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 Capillaries
 smallest blood vessels
 Composed only of single layer of
epithelial cells
 Function:
 Exchange sites for gas exchange;
nutrients and wastes product turn-
over
 Composed of a mixture of venous
and arterial blood (arterial blood is
higher)
Aorta

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry
Veins blood toward the heart. The capillaries are exchange
vessels located between the arterial and venous systems.
Vena Cava
 The Heart
- Hollow muscular organ that has four
chambers and is surrounded by a thin,
fluid- filled sac called pericardium
- Its size is about that of a person’s
clenched fist

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 CHAMBERS OF
THE HEART

Four in number
 two atria and
 two ventricles
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ATRIA (sing. atrium)
• Receiving chambers of the
heart
A-RC• The upper two chambers of
the heart are called the left
atrium and the right atrium.
 VENTRICLES
• Discharging/pumping
chambers of the heart
• The lower two chambers of
V-DPCthe heart are called the left
ventricle and the right
ventricle.
Right Atrium Left Atrium
Heart

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

 Cardiovascular System
Chambers of the heart
1.Right Atrium - receives deoxygenated blood
from the body
2.Right Ventricle - receives blood from the right
atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary artery
3.Left Atrium - receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle
4.Left Ventricle - receives blood from the left
atrium and pumps it into the aorta
 Right Side of Heart
Pulmonary Circuit
•The pump for the pulmonary circulation
•carries blood from heart to lungs
•blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich
•Function: to carry blood to the lungs for gas
exchange and then return it to the heart.

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 Left Side of Heart
Systemic Circuit
• The pump for the systemic circulation
• carries blood from heart to body
tissues
• blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor
• Function: supplies oxygen and
nutrient-rich blood to all body organs.
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 HEART VALVES
• flap-like structures that ensure one-
way flow of blood
• four in number
– Two Atrioventricular valves
– Two Semilunar valves

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 ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
• They are located between the atria and the
ventricles
• The mitral valve/bicuspid valve is located
between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
– Function: Prevents the back flow of blood as it
is pumped from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.
• The tricuspid valve is located between the right
atrium and the right ventricle.
– Function: Prevents the back flow of blood as
it is pumped from the right atrium to the right
ventricle.
Fig. 12.7
Atrioventricular Valves

Tricuspid Bicuspid (Mitral)

 SEMILUNAR VALVES
The semilunar valves are flaps of
endocardium and connective tissue
reinforced by fibers which prevent the
valves from turning inside out. They are
shaped like a half moon, hence the name
semilunar (semi-, -lunar). The semilunar
valves are located between the aorta and
the left ventricle and between the
pulmonary artery and the right ventricle.
 SEMILUNAR VALVES
• The aortic semilunar valve is located between
the left ventricle and the aorta.
– Function: Prevents the back flow of blood as
it is pumped from the left ventricle to the
aorta.
• The pulmonary semilunar valve is located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery.
– Function: Prevents the back flow of blood as
it is pumped from the right ventricle to the
pulmonary artery
Fig. 12.7
 Semilunar Valves

Pulmonary Aortic
 The Heart Valves
Pulmonary Aortic

Tricuspid Bicuspid
 Cardiovascular System
Blood Flow
Fig. 12.11
 Cardiac Cycle
• the contraction phase (systole) and
the relaxation phase (diastole) of the
cardiac muscle that occurs in one
heartbeat.
• the repetitive pumping process that
begins with the onset of cardiac
muscle contraction and ends with
the beginning of the next
contraction.
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 Steps in Cardiac Cycle
1. The SA node, located in the upper RA and is the
pacemaker of the heart, initiates the heartbeat.
2. The AV node, located in lower interatrial septum,
receives the electrical impulse and both the right and
left atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles.
3. The impulse passes to the AV bundle and separates
into right and left bundle branches.
4. The impulse travels into the Purkinje fibers covering
the ventricles, causing them to contract, forcing blood
into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
5. The cycle starts again.
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 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• record of electrical events within the heart
• can be used to detect abnormal heart rates or rhythms,
abnormal conduction pathways, hypertrophy or atrophy
of the heart, and the approximate location of damaged
cardiac muscle
• uses electrodes that are placed on the body surface and
attached to a recording device can detect the small
electrical changes resulting from the action potentials in
all of the cardiac muscle cells.
• normal ECG contains P wave (atrial depolarization), a
QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and a T wave
(ventricular repolarization).
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 BLOOD PRESSURE
• The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls
of blood vessels during contraction and
relaxation of the ventricles.
• SYSTOLIC PRESSURE- pressure in the arteries
at the peak of ventricular contraction.
• DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- pressure indicated
when the ventricles are relaxing.
• AVERAGE BP- 120/80 mmHg
 Blood Pressure Equipment
Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure cuff
Meter
Rubber bulb
Stethoscope
Amplifies sounds