BLOOD

• vascular fluid that transports

nutrients, wastes products,
gases and hormones through
the circulatory system
• Normal Blood Volume of
Average Adults: 5 – 6 L
 BLOOD
• HEMATOLOGY-STUDY OF
BLOOD
• HEMATOLOGISTS -
SPECIALISTS IN BLOOD
DISORDERS.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
• SOLID (FORMED ELEMENTS)
– RBC
– WBC 45%

– PLATELETS
• GAS
– OXYGEN
– CARBON DIOXIDE
• LIQUID
– PLASMA 91% H O 2

– SERUM 55%
9% dissolved subs
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plasma
(percentage by weight) Albumins
58%
Proteins 7%

Globulins
38%
Percentage by
volume
Fibrinogen
Percentage by 4%
body weight Water
91%

Ions

Nutrients

Other solutes 2% Waste products

Plasma
55%
Gases

Buffy
Formed elements Regulatory
coat
(number per cubic mm) substances

Platelets
250–400 thousand White blood cells
Formed
elements White blood cells Neutrophils
45% 5–10 thousand 60%–70%

Lymphocytes
20%–25%

Monocytes
3%–8%
Red blood cells Eosinophils
4.2–6.2million 2%–4%

Basophils
0.5%–1%

(left): © liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF
SERUM
 liquid portion of
the clotted blood
 It consists of
albumin and
globulin
 It has no
fibrinogen
 Plasma
 liquid portion of the
unclotted blood
 It consists of
fibrinogen, albumin
and globulin
 Obtained by the use of
anticoagulant
 FORMED ELEMENTS
• RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
– Anuclear; biconcave disks
– Size range : 6 – 8 microns (average of
7.2 microns)
– The red color of RBC is because of
Hemoglobin which is responsible for
transporting O2 and CO2
– Hemoglobin consists of two parts:
• Heme (that contains iron)
• Globin
Erythrocytes

8
 FORMED ELEMENTS
• RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
– Production and maturation site: BONE
MARROW
– Reference Value:
• 4.5 – 6.0 million /uL of blood
• Men have higher values than
women
– Life span : 120 days
– Graveyard: Liver and spleen
• Destroyed by macrophages but the
iron is reused in new cells
BLOOD GROUP AND BLOOD TYPE
• The surface of RED Blood cells
contain ANTIGENS.
• Four possible ABO antigens:
– A Antigen
– B Antigen
– Both A and B Antigens
– Neither A nor B Antigen
BLOOD GROUP AND BLOOD TYPE
• The plasma contains ANTIBODIES.
• Four possible ABO antibodies:
– Antibody A
– Antibody B
– Both Anti-A and Anti-B
– Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
BLOOD GROUP AND BLOOD TYPE
ABO Blood Antigen Antibody
Group
Type A A Anti-B

Type B B Anti-A

Type AB A and B none

Type O none Anti-A and

Anti-B
13
 TRANSFUSION REACTION
• Occurs when a person receives a
different group of blood because a
person’s natural antibody will destroy
the donor RBC’s that contain the
antigen specific for the antibodies.
• To avoid such reactions, patients must
only receive group-specific blood type
 Rh Type
Rh Type Antigen Antibody
Rh (+) D Antigen none
Rh (-) none none
 LEUKOCYTES /LEUCOCYTES/ WHITE
BLOOD CELLS (WBC’S)
• Functions:
– Provide immunity thru:
• Production of antibodies
• Destroy pathogens through
phagocytosis
• Produced in the bone marrow
• Reference value: 4,500 – 11,000 per uL of
blood
 Differential White Blood Cell Count

• NEUTROPHIL
• LYMPHOCYTE
• MONOCYTE
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS
 General Types of WBC’s
1. GRANULOCYTES (DISTINCT GRANULES)
a.BASOPHILS - BLUISH-BLACK
GRANULES; large granules that
obscure the cytoplasm
b. EOSINOPHILS- ORANGE-RED
GRANULES (2-3 lobes)
c. NEUTROPHILS- LILAC GRANULES (3-5
lobes)
 Basophil
Basophil Erythrocytes

Nucleus of basophil Platelets

Cytoplasmic
granules
 Eosinophil

Eosinophil Nucleus of eosinophil Cytoplasmic granules Erythrocytes

 Neutrophil

Neutrophil Nucleus of neutrophil Erythrocytes

 General Types of WBC’s
2. AGRANULOCYTES (NOT SO DISTINCT
GRANULES)
a. LYMPHOCYTES- almost the SAME SIZE
WITH RBC; round nucleus almost
covering the entire cell
b. MONOCYTES- KIDNEY/BEAN/ HORSE-
SHOE NUCLEUS (largest WBC)
 Lymphocyte

Lymphocyte Nucleus of lymphocyte Erythrocytes

 Monocyte
Monocyte Erythrocyte

Nucleus of monocyte Platelet

25
• NEUTRO- 40-60%
• LYMPHO- 20-40%
• MONO- 3-8%
• EOSINOPHIL- 1-3%
• BASOPHIL- 0-1%
• NEUTROPHIL- INCREASED IN BACTERIAL
INFECTION/ACUTE DISEASES
• LYMPHOCYTES- INCREASED IN VIRAL
INFECTIONS
• MONOCYTES- INCREASED IN CASES OF
CHRONIC INFECTIONS
• EOSINOPHIL- INCREASED IN CASES OF
PARASITIC/ INFECTIONS/ ALLERGIES
• BASOPHILS- INCREASED IN CASES OF
ALLERGIES
 Platelets
 Appearance:
 anucleate cells,
 measures 2-4 microns (2 – 4 um) in
diameter
 Small; irregularly-shaped
 Cellular Origin:
 Cellular fragments of megakaryocytes
 1 megakaryocyte = 2000-4000 platelets
 Megakaryocyte

Nucleus of
Megakaryocyte megakaryocyte
Platelets
 Platelets
 Life span
 9-12 days
 Reference value: 140,000 – 440,000 per uL of
blood
 Main Function:
 Prevents bleeding by forming temporary
platelet plug
 Play a vital role in blood clotting process
 COAGULATION/HEMOSTASIS
 Hemostasis is a complex mechanism that
involves:
 Blood vessels
 Platelets
 Coagulation / Clotting factors
 Hemostasis is the process of forming a blood
clot to stop the leakage of blood whenever
there is an injury to the blood vessel.
 FOUR STAGES OF
COAGULATION /
HEMOSTASIS
 Stage 1 (primary hemostasis)
 Blood vessels and platelets respond to injury
 Blood vessels constrict to slow the flow of
blood to the injured area (vessel spasm)
 Platelets become sticky; clump together
(platelet aggregation) and adhere to the
injured vessel wall (platelet adhesion) to form
a temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding.
 FOUR STAGES OF
COAGULATION /
HEMOSTASIS
 Stage 2 (secondary hemostasis)
 Activation of coagulation
cascade that initiate formation
of fibrin strands to strengthen
the platelet plug by forming a
fibrin clot.
 FOUR STAGES OF
COAGULATION /
HEMOSTASIS
 Stage 3
 The last factor in the coagulation
cascade (Factor XIII) stabilizes
the fibrin clot.
 This produces retraction
(tightening of the clot)
 FOUR STAGES OF
COAGULATION /
HEMOSTASIS
 Stage 4
 After the injury to the blood
vessel has healed; the process of
fibrinolysis degrades the fibrin
clot into fibrin degradation
products (FDP’s).
• DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS

 ANEURYSM
 bulge formed by a weakness in
the wall of a blood vessel;
usually an artery that can burst
and cause severe hemorrhage.
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS
 ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
 Hardening of the artery walls
contributing to aneurysm or stroke
 ATHEROSCLEROSIS
 Form of arteriosclerosis characterized
by accumulation of lipids and other
materials in the walls of arteries causing
the lumen of the vessel to narrow and
stimulate clot formation.
DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS

 EMBOLISM
 Moving clot that can obstruct
a blood vessel
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS

 PHLEBITIS
 Inflammation of the vein wall
causing pain and tenderness
DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS

 THROMBOSIS
 Obstruction of a blood vessel
by a stationary blood clot
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS

 VARICOSE VEINS
 Swollen peripheral veins caused
by damage valves allowing
backflow of the blood causing
edema (swelling) in the tissues
 DISORDERS OF THE
HEART

 ANGINA PECTORIS
 Sharp chest pain caused by
decrease blood flow to the heart
usually because of an obstruction
in the coronary arteries.
 DISORDERS OF THE
HEART

 BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
 Inflammation of the inner lining
of the heart caused by a
bacterial infection
(Staphylococcus epidermidis)
 DISORDERS OF THE
HEART

 CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

 Impairs the ability of the
heart to pump blood
efficiently, causing fluid
accumulation in the lungs and
tissues.
 DISORDERS OF THE
HEART

 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
 Death (necrosis) of the heart
muscle caused by lack of oxygen to
the myocardium because of an
occluded artery.
 Commonly known as heart attack
 DISORDERS OF THE
HEART

 PERICARDITIS
 Inflammation of the pericardium of
the heart caused by bacteria,
viruses, trauma or malignancy
 DISORDERS OF THE
HEART

 RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

 Autoimmune disorder affecting
heart tissue following a
streptococcal infection
DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD

 ANEMIA
 Decrease RBC count or
hemoglobin in the circulating
blood
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD

 LEUKEMIA
 Increased WBC in the bone
marrow and circulating blood
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD

 LEUKOCYTOSIS
 Increased WBC or leukocytes in
the circulating blood as seen in
infections.
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD

 LEUKOCYTOPENIA/
LEUKOPENIA
 Decreased WBC or leukocytes in
the blood often caused by
radiation therapy or
chemotherapy
 DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD

 POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
 Increased RBC count
causing blood to be
viscous
 Platelet parameters
DISORDERS OF THE in CBC
BLOOD

 THROMBOCYTOPENIA
 Decreased number of circulating
platelets, frequently seen in
patients receiving chemotherapy,
with dengue hemorrhagic fever;
spontaneous bleeding can result
DISORDERS OF THE
BLOOD

 THROMBOCYTOSIS
 Increased number of
circulating platelets