Mathematics

Mathematics
Indices, Surds

1
Indices and Surds
Index, exponential, power

aa  a 2

Base

2
Indices Rule 1
a a
2 3

 aaaaa
a 5

23
a
mn
a a  a
m n

3
Indices Rule 2
a a
5 3

aaaaa

aaa
 aa
mn
a 2 a a  a
m n

53
a 4
Indices Rule 3
5 3
(a )
From Rule 1
 a a a
5 5 5
a a  a
m n mn

5 5 5
a
a 15
(a )  a
m n mn

53
a 5
Indices Rule 4
a b
3 3

 aaabbb
 (a  b)(a  b)(a  b)
 ( a  b) 3

a  b  (ab)
m m m

6
Indices Rule 5
a b
3 3

aaa

bbb
a a a
 ( )( )( )
b b b
a 3
( )
b a  b  ( a  b)
m m m

7
Indices Rule 6, 7
3  27
3
3
3 92 a 10

3 m 1
3 3
1 a  m
3 a
3  ?1
0

1 1 3
3 ? 3

3 2
?
1 1
 2
3
9 3

3 ?3 1 1
 3 3 8
27 3
Indices Rule 8
2 1
 1
 2
a 2 a 2 1
 
  a  n n
a
2 m
 12  a n
 n
a m
 ( a)
n m
a   a
 
 
1
a  a a
2 2

9
Irrational Number
•Number that cannot be expressed as a fraction
of two integers

2 6
 1
2 10
Think!
Which of the following is NOT a irrational number?
2

x
 1 
3 
25
x  27  1 2 1
( ) 
3 9
5
5
1 26 Irrational number

1 1

x
Irrational number

27 36
11
 Surd Rules
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a a  a
m n m n (a )  a
m n mn

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a a  a
m n m n a  b  (ab)
m m m

1 1 1
a  b  ( a  b)
m m m

We can use the above rules to:

• simplify two or more surds or
•combining them into one single surd 12
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(a)

27  243

 9  3  81 3 1 1 1
(ab)  a  b
m m m

   
9 3  81  3 
 3 3 9 3
Common Factor : 3
 3 (9  3)

 12 3 13
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(b)
175  112  28

 25  7  16  7  4  7 1 1 1
(ab)  a  b
m m m

     
25  7  16  7  4 7 
5 7 4 7 2 7
Common Factor : 7
 7 (5  4  2)

7 7
14
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(c)

4 3  12  27

 4 3  4  3  3 9

 4 32 3 3 3
 3 ( 4  2)  3

x
8 3 2 3
 2
3 3
15
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(d)
2 21  27  343
21327
2
343 49
3  27
2
49
81
 2( )
49
2 81 2 9 4
  2
49 7 7 16
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(e)

8 3  2 48  243

 8 3  2 16  3  81 3

   81
 8 3  2( 16 ) 3  3

 
 8 3 8 3 9 3

9 3

17
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(f)

2 3 3 2  2

 2 3 
 ( 2 a3  3b2 )  a  2ab2
 2 3
2
  3 2  
 b3 2  2

  2
2
 3 2
 
 2 2  3 3  2  (3) 2 ( 2 ) 2

  4 3  2 2  3  6   (9)(2)

 12  12 6   18

 6(5  2 6 )

18
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(g)

 2  3   3  3 
2 2

2  3a 2
3  3b 2
 (2 a 3  3 b 3 )( 2 a 3 3 b 3  )


  5 2  3  3  3 
  5   1  2 3 

 5(2 3  1)
19
Simplify each of the following surds
Question 1(h)

2  
3
3 1  1 4 3  2

  
 2 3  1 2 3  1  1  21 4 3  4 3 


2 2


  
  2



 2 3  1 2 3  1  1  8 3  4 3 
2


 
   
 2 3  1  2 3  4 3  1  1  8 3  16  3


2



 
 2 3  1 13  4 3  49  8 3   
 26 3  24  13  4 3  49  8 3
 22 3  12  2(11 3  6) 20
Rationalization of the Denominator
•Process of removing a surd from the denominator
1
•Example:
2

1
 1 
2
2 2
1 2
 
Multiple together!
2 2

2 2
 
 2  2  2 21
 2 2
•Example:  1 32
32 
32 32
2 32 Note!
 
32 32 Multiple together!

Objective is


2 32 
to remove
surds from
denominator
 32 32   Conjugate Surds



2 32 
 3    2
2 2 (a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2

2 3  2  2 34
 
 3  4   1
 2 3  4 22
Re-look into the question: 2
32
2 32
Multiply conjugate  
surds 32 32



2 32 
Multiply denominator
and numerator
 32 32  


2 32 
(a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2
 3 2
  2
2

2 34
  42 3
1 23
Question 2(a) 2
Rationalize the denominators: 7 2
2 7 2
Multiply conjugate  
surds 7 2 7 2



2 7 2 
Multiply denominator
and numerator
 
7 2 7 2 


2 7 2 
(a  b)(a  b)  a  b
2 2  7 2
  2
2


2 7 2
2 7 2   
74 3 24
Question 2(b) 3 3
Rationalize the denominators: 3 1

3 3 3 1
Multiply conjugate  
surds 3 1 3 1


 3 3  3 1 
Multiply denominator
and numerator
 3 1  3 1 

 3
2
 3 3 3 3
 3 2
 1
2

(a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2


3 2 3 3  2 3


 25 3

3 1 2
Question 2(c) 2 2 1
Rationalize the denominators: 4 2 3

2 2 1 4 2 3
 
Multiply conjugate 4 2 3 4 2 3
surds
2 2 1 4 2 3
 
Multiply denominator 4 2 3 4 2 3
and numerator


2 
2 1 4 2  3 
4 2  2
  3
2

(a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2

16  6 2 4 2 3 
32  9

19  10 2 26

23
Question 2(d) 3 2 2 3
Rationalize the denominators: 3 2  2 3
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
 
Multiply conjugate 3 22 3 3 2 2 3
surds

3 2 2 3  3 2 2 3  
3 2 2 3  3 2 2 3  
Multiply denominator
and numerator

3 2 2 3  2

3 2    2 3 
2 2

(a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2

3 2  2
   
23 2 2 3  2 3  2

3 2    2 3 
2 2

1 1 1
a  b  (ab)
m m m

 9  2  12 6   4  3
 9  2    4  3
30  12 6
  52 6 27
6
Question 2(e) 7 32 5
Rationalize the denominators: 3 52 3

7 32 5 3 52 3
Multiply conjugate  
3 52 3 3 52 3
surds


7 
32 5 3 52 3 
Multiply denominator
and numerator
3 
5 2 3 3 52 3 


21 15  42  30  4 15 
 45  12
(a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2
25 15  72

33
28
Question 2(f)
Rationalize the denominators:
1 1

Determine the LCM 3 7 3 7
 3 7  3 7 
1  3 7  1  3 7 
     
Multiply denominator 3 7
3 7
3 7
3 7

and numerator
3 7 3 7
 
 
3 7 3 7   
3 7 3 7 
3 7 3 7 2 3


3 7 3 7   
37
2 3 3
 
4 2 29
 Question 2(g)
3 5 3 5
Rationalize the denominators: 
( 5  3) ( 3  5 )2
2

Expand the denominators


3 5

3 5
( 5 )2  2 5 3  ( 3)2 ( 3)2  2 3 5  ( 5 )2
3 5 3 5
 
5  2 15  3 3  2 15  5
3 5 3 5
 
8  2 15 8  2 15
3 5 3 5
 
Find the LCM 2 4  15  4  15 
2(4  15 ) 2(4  15 )

3 5 (4  15 ) 3 5 (4  15 )
   
2(4  15 ) (4  15 ) 2( 4  15 ) (4  15 )
(12  3 15  4 5  75 )  (12  3 15  4 5  75 )

2(16  15)
2(12  75 )
  12  5 3 30
2(1)
Question 2(h) 53 2 3 2

Rationalize the denominators: 4  2 5 4  2 5

53 2 3 2

42 5
Same denominator 8 2 2 4 2 5
 
42 5 42 5

(8  2 2 )(4  2 5 )

(4  2 5 )(4  2 5 )
Rationalization
32  16 5  8 2  4 10

16  20

32  16 5  8 2  4 10
  8  4 5  2 2  10
4 31
Question 3:
1
2 k  2
2
 5 3 k
k  
2


 5 3 8  2 15 8  2 15
 
k2 
 5 3  2
8  2 15 8  2 15
 5 3
2
 8  2 15   8  2 15  8  2 15  8  2 15 
8  2 15   8  2 15 
 
8  2 15  8  2 15 
 5 2 15  3 
k 2

5  2 15  3  
8  2 15   8  2 15 
2 2

8  2 15 8  2 15 
k 
8  2 15
2 
64  32  
15  60  64  32 15  60 
8  2 15  64  60
1 1 
 124  124 
1 8  2 15  4
, k 2
2
8  2 15
k 8 8 2 21515 248
  62 32
4
 1 1
Question 4: 
k 2 31  8 15
2
OR
 5 3 1 31  8 15
k  
2

 Rationalize  
 5 3 k First 31  8 15 31  8 15

k2  

5 3
2

2  
31  8 15

5 3 5 3   961  64 15 1
k  2
2

k2  
5  2 15  3 2 
31  8 15 k
 5  3  961  960
 31  8 15  31  8 15
8  2 15
k2   2  31 8 15  62
2

k 2  (4  15 ) 2  16  2  4  15  15
 31 8 15

33
Homework

Go to DNA and read the slides

Ten Year Series

Page 23 Q7, 8, 12

Where: Exercise Book 2

When :By next lessons!

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