EAT 237

WATER SUPPLY
ENGINEERING

Week 2:
Water Distribution/
Reticulation System
Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
2015
In water Supply work, Hazen William formula is
normally expressed as:

1.852
 Q 
H L  L 
0.63 
 0.85 ACh R 

Where;
HL = Head loss (m)
L = Length of pipe (m)
Q = Flow rate (m3/s)
D = Diameter of pipe (m)
Ch = Hazen-William coefficient
The Hazen William formula can be expressed in
different form when unit is changed as follows:

1.85
12.25 x10  Q 
9
HL  4.87
L 
D  Ch 
Where;
HL = Head loss (m)
L = Length of pipe (m)
Q = Flow rate (liter/s or lps)
D = Diameter of pipe (mm)
C = Hazen-William coefficient
Assume: the Hazen-William Equation as follows:

H L  r.Q m

12.25 x10 9
 L 
r  1.852 
D 4.87 C 
 h 

m  1.85
Hardy-Cross Method

Besides following the laws related to pipe resistance,

two basic hydraulic condition for pipe system must
be met;

a) For continuum flow, algebric sum of flow on pipes

meet at a junction must be zero;
i.e; ∑Q = 0 ------------- (1)

b) For pressure continuity, an algebric sum of head

loss in a closed loop for the system must be zero,
i.e; ∑hf = 0 ------------- (2)
Procedures for designing using Hardy-Cross using head
balance problems are as follows;

i. Put flow rate assumption Qa to all the pipes in the

system so that the condition as in Eqn.(1) is fulfilled.
ii. Calculate hLa for each pipe using hLa = r.Qam by
assuming m=1.85.
iii. Divide the pipe networks into a number of closed
loop by having enough number to ensure that each
pipe is included into each loop.
iv. Estimate the sum of head loss (∑ hLa) in each loop.
If the flow rates assumption is not accurate, Eqn. (2)
cannot be fulfilled especially in the early stage.
v. Calculate the value of ∑ (hLa / Qa) for each close loop without taking
into account on the sign involved.

v. Estimate correction for ΔQ required for the assumption flow rates for
each loop using;

hLa
Q  
hLa
1.852
Qa
vii. Correct the flow rates so that; Q = Qa + ΔQ by taking into
account on the sign involved. For pipe sharing the same line in two or
more loops, more than one correction may be necessary and
unbalanced conditions may happen.
viii. Repeat the above procedures until we get the accuracy required and
until ΔQ is very small (≈ 0).
Example 1:
Figure 1 shows a reticulation system. Estimate the flow
rate in each pipeline using Hardy-Cross Method and
Hazen-William formula. Adopt Hazen William coefficient C
as 100. Use an initial flow rate of 50 litres per second (lps)
from point A to B. Given that the parameters for the pipes
are as follows:

110 L = 800 m 35
lps D = 10 in lps
B
A
L = 700 m
D = 8 in
L = 700 m
D = 10 in L = 700 m
D = 8 in
C
35
D
40 Figure 1 lps
(Steel pipe Schedule 40, diameter in nominal size)
lps
Solution:

From Hazen-William Formula;

9 1.85
12.25 x10  Q 
HL  4.87
L  Eqn. (i)
D C 

HL = r Q m

12.25 x109  L 
r 4.87  1.85 
D C 

Where 100 is the value of roughness coefficient C.

 35
110
50 lps
lps
lps B
A
15
60 lps
lps
C
35
D 20
40 lps
lps
lps
Figure 1
 Calculate r for each pipes:

Pipe L (m) D(mm) D4.87 1/c1.85 r

AB 800 254.5 5.2E+11 2.00E-04 4.70E-06
BC 700 202.7 1.72E+11 2.00E-04 1.42E-05
CD 700 202.7 1.72E+11 2.00E-04 1.42E-05
AD 700 254.5 5.2E+11 2.00E-04 4.70E-06
Iteration 1:
Q sign
Pipe r Q1 hLa1 = r Q1.85 hL/ Q
(+ or -)

AB 3.76E-03 50 (+) 5.23 0.1046

BC 9.97E-03 15 (+) 1.49 0.0997
CD 9.97E-03 20 (-) -2.55 0.1273
AD 3.29E-03 60 (-) -6.41 0.1069
       -2.23 0.4385
      Q   2.75
Iteration 2

Q sign
Pipe r Q2 hLa1 = r Q1.85 h L/ Q
(+ or -)

AB 3.76E-03 52.75 (+) 5.78 0.1095

BC 9.97E-03 17.75 (+) 2.04 0.1150
CD 9.97E-03 17.25 (-) -1.94 0.1122
AD 3.29E-03 57.25 (-) -5.88 0.1027
       0.00 0.4394
      Q   0.00
 Problem 1
0.009 m3/s
L = 15.24 m
4 m
5.2
=1

L = 9.144 m
L = 9.144 m
L
0.035 m /s
3

L=
15
.24
m
L = 15.24 m

0.009 m3/s
0.017 m3/s

All pipes size 2.5 in Schedule 40

 Problem 2
4 lps 25 lps

F L = 800 m A
D = 6 in L = 500 m
L = 700 m
D = 5 in D = 12 in
B

E L = 900 m 5 lps
6 lps
D = 4 in
L = 700 m
L = 500 m D = 6 in
D = 5 in
D C
L = 800 m
D = 4 in 2 lps
8 lps
 L = 9.144 m Problem 3

6000 L/m

L = 10 m L = 15 m L = 10 m
m

L
=
8

6m
6m

8
=

m
L

L = 15 m L = 15 m L = 15 m

1500 L/m 1500 L/m 1500 L/m 1500 L/m

All pipes size 3 in Type K copper tubing

0.438 m3/s Problem 4 0.042 m3/s
L = 450 m L = 450 m
D = 16 in D = 16 in

L = 600 m
D = 12 in
L = 600 m

L = 600 m
D = 18 in

D = 16 in
L = 450 m L = 450 m
D = 16 in D = 12 in

0.028 m3/s 0.113 m3/s

L = 1200 m
L = 1200 m

L = 1200 m
D = 12 in
D = 14 in

D = 8 in
L = 450 m L = 450 m
D = 12 in D = 8 in
0.085 m3/s
0.085 m3/s 0.085 m3/s
 Tutorial Question
Figure 1 shows a reticulation system. Estimate the
flow rate in each pipeline using Hardy-Cross Method
and Hazen-William formula. Adopt Hazen William
coefficient C as 100. Use an initial flow rate of 50
litres per second (lps) from point A to B. Given that
the parameters for the pipes are as follows: