Unit Introduction

Assignment 1 _ Understanding electrical concepts

Assignment 2 _ Know about direct current power sources & machines

Assignment 3 _ Know the principles of alternating current

Assignment 4 _ Know about aircraft devices and data transmissions

 What is Electricity?
Videos:

Aircraft Lightning Strike

Electricity and Humans...........

Electrical Terminology:
Potential Difference
Electromotive Force (EMF)
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Conductance
Charge
Conventional Current Flow
Electron Flow
 MATTER
• MATTER IS DEFINED AS ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES
SPACE AND IS CATEGORISED AS FOLLOWS:

• SOLID – A SOLID HAS DEFINITE MASS, VOLUME AND

SHAPE.

• LIQUID – A LIQUID HAS DEFINITE MASS AND VOLUME,

BUT TAKES THE SHAPE OF ITS CONTAINER.

• GAS – A GAS HAS DEFINITE MASS, BUT TAKES THE

VOLUME AND SHAPE OF ITS CONTAINER.
 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

• ELEMENTS – AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE, WHICH

CANNOT BY ANY KNOWN CHEMICAL PROCESS BE SPLIT
INTO TWO OR MORE CHEMICALLY SIMPLER
SUBSTANCES.

• COMPOUNDS – A COMPOUND IS A SUBSTANCE, WHICH

CONTAINS TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY
JOINED TOGETHER, I.E. SALT (CHLORINE & SODIUM).

• MIXTURES – A MIXTURE CONSISTS OF ELEMENTS OR

COMPOUNDS, WHICH ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER BY A
PHYSICAL PROCESS.
 ELECTRON

PROTON

ORBIT

HYDROGEN ATOM
 ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC MASS

• THE ATOMIC NUMBER IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE

NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. THIS NUMBER TELLS US HOW MANY
PROTONS ARE IN THE NUCLEUS OF EVERY ATOM IN AN
ELEMENT. IT IS DIFFERENT FOR EACH ELEMENT.

• THE ATOMIC MASS IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PROTONS AND

NEUTRONS IN AN ATOM. ALTHOUGH THERE MAY BE AN
EQUAL NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, NEUTRONS
ARE SLIGHTLY HEAVIER IN WEIGHT THAN PROTONS. ATOMIC
MASS IS WRITTEN WITH THE UNITS "AMU".
 4 NEUTRONS

ATOMIC MASS = 8
(4 PROTONS + 4 NEUTRONS)

NUCLEUS OF 4 PROTONS
AN ATOM

ATOMIC NUMBER = 4

ATOMIC NUMBER - ATOMIC MASS

 6 PROTONS
SYMBOL
ATOMIC
NUMBER

ATOMIC
MASS HOW MANY PROTONS
IN A CARBON ATOM?

CARBON ATOM
 6 PROTONS 18 PROTONS

6 NEUTRONS 22 NEUTRONS

ATOMIC MASS - ATOMIC NUMBER

 MATERIAL

MOLECULES
(HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES)

ATOMS
(92 NATURAL TYPES)

PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS

STRUCTURE OF MATTER
 8 8
NEUTRONS PROTONS

NUCLEUS

OXYGEN ATOM
 ELECTRONS

K SHELL

L SHELL

OXYGEN ATOM
 MORE PROTONS
THAN ELECTRONS

ATOM GIVES UP
AN ELECTRON

ATOM BECOMES
A POSITIVE ION

POSITIVE IONS
 MORE ELECTRONS
THAN PROTONS

ATOM GAINS
AN ELECTRON

ATOM BECOMES
A NEGATIVE ION

NEGATIVE IONS
H2O
OXYGEN ATOM
HYDROGEN ATOM
WATER MOLECULE
 THE MAXIMUM
ELECTRONS
IN THE VALENCE
SHELL IS EIGHT

NEON ATOM
KRYPTON ATOM
 SODIUM ATOM CHLORINE ATOM
(1 VALENCE ELECTRON) (7 VALENCE ELECTRONS)

ELECTROVALENT BONDING
 LOAN

SODIUM
CHLORIDE
(NaCI)

ELECTROVALENT BONDING
 0eV IONISATION
LEVEL

-1.5eV

-3.4eV

THE ZERO LEVEL IS

CHOSEN TO BE THAT
ENERGY WHICH
PARTS AN ELECTRON
FROM ITS NUCLEUS
LOWER
ENERGY
LEVELS -13.5eV

ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

 AN ELECTRON GAINING
ENERGY (PHOTON) CAN MOVE
TO A HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL
PROVIDED THERE IS A SPACE

ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS
 AN ELECTRON LOSING
ENERGY (PHOTON) WILL MOVE
TO A LOWER ENERGY LEVEL
PROVIDED THERE IS A SPACE

ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS
 0eV

N SHELL 1 ELECTRON

M SHELL 18 ELECTRONS

LOWER
ENERGY
LEVELS L SHELL 8 ELECTRONS

K SHELL 2 ELECTRONS

ENERGY LEVELS FOR A COPPER ATOM

 HIGHER LEVEL

VALENCY

WIDTH OF LINES
INCREASE TOWARDS
HIGHER LEVEL

ENERGY BANDS (ISOLATED ATOM)

 HIGHER LEVEL

VALENCY

ENERGY BANDS (CLOSE PROXIMITY ATOMS)

 HIGHER LEVEL

VALENCY BAND

ENERGY LEVELS (CLOSE PROXIMITY ATOMS)

 CONDUCTION
VALENCE & BAND
CONDUCTIVE BANDS
OVERLAP

FORBIDEN OVERLAP
GAP

ENERGY VALENCY
LEVELS BAND
ENERGY LEVELS
ENERGY LEVELS SHOWN AS BANDS
SHOWN AS DISCRETE
LINES

ATOMS CLOSER
TOGETHER

EFFECT OF INTER-ATOMIC DISTANCE

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE & FREE ELECTRONS
• THE VALENCE ORBIT OF ANY ATOM IS ITS OUTERMOST ORBIT (SHELL) AND
CONTAINS A MAX OF 8 ELECTRONS.

• DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN ITS VALENCE SHELL AN

ELEMENT IS EITHER:

 A CONDUCTOR.

 AN INSULATOR.

 A SEMICONDUCTOR.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE & FREE ELECTRONS
• ALL ATOMS DESIRE TO HAVE THEIR VALENCE ORBITS COMPLETELY
FULL OF ELECTRONS.

• THE FEWER VALENCE ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM, THE EASIER IT WILL

ACCEPT EXTRA ELECTRONS.

• THEREFORE, ATOMS WITH FEWER THAN HALF OF THEIR VALENCE

ELECTRONS TEND TO ACCEPT (CARRY) THE MOVING ELECTRONS OF
AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT FLOW.

• SUCH MATERIALS ARE CALLED:

• Conductors
 IONATION LEVEL

VALENCE BAND HALF FILLED

THEREFORE A LARGE
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
WITH ENOUGH ENERGY TO
MOVE INTO THE CONDUCTION
BAND
OVERLAP

HALF FILLED
VALENCE BAND

CONDUCTOR

ENERGY BANDS - CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS

 K = 2 ELECTRONS

L = 8 ELECTRONS
29+
M = 18 ELECTRONS

N = 1 ELECTRON

COPPER ATOM
 K = 2 ELECTRONS

L = 8 ELECTRONS
13+
M = 3 ELECTRONS

ALUMINIUM ATOM
ATOMIC STRUCTURE & FREE ELECTRONS
• MATERIALS WHICH HAVE MORE THAN HALF OF THEIR
VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE CALLED:

• INSULATORS WILL NOT EASILY ACCEPT EXTRA

ELECTRONS.
 IONATION LEVEL

BECAUSE IT IS ALMOST
IMPOSSIBLE FOR AN
ELECTRON IN THE VALENCE
EMPTY BAND TO GAIN SUFFICIENT
CONDUCTION ENERGY TO CROSS
BAND THE FORBIDDEN GAP THE
CONDUCTION BAND IS EMPTY
FORBIDDEN GAP

FILLED
VALENCE BAND

INSULATOR

ENERGY BANDS - CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & FREE ELECTRONS

• MATERIALS WITH EXACTLY HALF OF THEIR VALENCE

ELECTRONS ARE CALLED:

• SEMI-CONDUCTORS HAVE VERY HIGH RESISTANCE TO

CURRENT FLOW IN THEIR PURE STATE; HOWEVER ,
WHEN EXACT NUMBERS OF ELECTRONS ARE EITHER
ADDED OR REMOVED, THEY OFFER VERY LOW
RESISTANCE TO CURRENT FLOW
 EMPTY CONDUCTION
BAND

0.77eV 1.1eV
SMALL FORBIDDEN
GAP GAP
GAP
FILLED VALENCE
BAND

GERMANIUM SILICON

ENERGY BANDS FOR SEMICONDUCTORS

engineering
VALENCY
BAND

VALENCY
ELECTRONS

14 POSITIVE PROTONS
14 NEGATIVE ELECTRONS

SILICON ATOM
 4

SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF A SILICON ATOM

SILICON LATTICE
 +4 +4 +4

VALANCE
ELECTRONS

+4 +4 +4

COVALENT
BOND
ELECTRONS

4+1+1+1+1
= 8 ELECTRONS +4 +4 +4
AROUND EACH
ATOM

LATTICE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTAL

 +4 +4 +4

FREE
ELECTRONS

+4 +5 +4

ARSENIC
ATOM
5 VALANCE POSITIVE
ELECTRONS ION

+4 +4 +4

EFFECT OF DOPING
 +4 +4 +4

POSITIVE
HOLE

+4 +3 +4

INDIUM
ATOM
3 VALANCE NEGATIVE
ELECTRONS ION

+4 +4 +4

EFFECT OF DOPING
 FIXED MAJORITY CARRIERS
POSITIVE FREE
ELECTRONS ELECTRONS
IONS

N TYPE MATERIAL - HEAVY DOPING

N TYPE MATERIAL - LIGHT DOPING
 FIXED MAJORITY CARRIERS
NEGATIVE FREE
HOLES HOLES
IONS

P TYPE MATERIAL - HEAVY DOPING

P TYPE MATERIAL - LIGHT DOPING
Semi- Conductor Material - LIGHT DOPING